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    Short Stories:
    "Basketball Season"-by Donna Tartt
    4 models of discourse-narration, descriptive, persuation, exposition
    Style                Content
    1. stream of conciousness         1. hostility               5. adolescent
    2. informal tone                   2. alienated              6. percieve out of accepted
    3. 1st person narration            3. depressed
    4. retrospective                    4. failing in school

    1. Thesis-society is hierarchy; groups of people can be easily manipulated
    2. epiphany-sudden realization
    3. framed by car trips; conecting toAnimal Farm and 1984

    "My Name is Margaret"-by Maya Angelou
    1. style-narration, description(use of vivid details), 1st person, retrospective
    2. content-juxtaposition, socio-economic factors
               breaks dishes-doesn't want to work there any more- defying
    "A Chinamen's Chance"-by Eric Liu
    1. thesis-American Dream is alive
    2. anecdote, allusion, pathos, some logos
 

    Early American Literature (Puritanism):
    1517-Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther-nailed 95 complaints)
       1.men justified before God on basis of faith not actions
       2. every man should be his own priest
    Christianity------------------>Anglican-Church of ENgland (very similiar to Catholic)
    Luthern.....Calvinism               1602 persacussion by Charles I
                Puritans                America-Seperatists(later named Pilgrims)
    England-16th Century->Catholic(Henry 8 doesnt like listening to Pope)->Church of England
    Puritan-man naturally sinful(total depravity), fight against nature
            predestination/foredestination-God has preordained saved or damned at birth(elect)
            Bible-exact word of God, dont interpret, live word of God (90% literate)
            providential view of history-God made whatever happen, happen (pre-ordained)
    connection:manifest destiny-God given right to own all America(1820s)
            money shows grace, success
            1st university-Harvard, Yale, Princeton(education important)
    writing style: plain-not ornate, took away adjectives, different connotation, simply put
            archaic, two syllable words
    Literature--non-fiction, literature of ideas,diaries, historical accounts
            purpose-teach, inform, moralize
    Plymouth Plantation-William Bradford
    author-England to Netherlands, 2nd gov(re-elected 33 times), one of 1st to come over,
          narrow,provincial view,choosen people,wilderness-Satan's realm,N.Amer-Satan's people
          assumes audience well versed in bible (biblical illusions)
    purpose-teach lesson for future generation, record history(historical chronicle)
    historical journal-one pt of view
    plain style
    John Holand-washed overboard, good person, saved by grace of God
    guy thrown over-bad, haughty, 1st died
    juxtaposition @ starving time-Puritans & Mariners
    Plymoth-lived in hobbles, sickness
    example of purpose-mariners & puritans, people of faith & kindness, lesson,
    skulk-sneak, spy on (native americans)
    "Indian Relations"-treaty one sided for Puritans

    Anne Bradstreet-second wave, influential family, 1st published female poet in America
    lyric poetry-disuss feelings/thoughts of poet
    plain style
    temporal                            vs              eternal (always wins with Puritans)
    earthly/temporarily                                        heavenly, forever
    feels upset at all losses                                    everything from God
    lost earthly positions     material goods evaporate         heaven better
    wrenched construction-writer sacrafices pronunciation of word to fit meter
    meter-rhythm of poem, based on iamb
    monometer- 1 foot two sylables dimeter,trimeter,tretrameter,pentameter
    iamb- U ' unstress stressed pattern, mimics natural speech
    extened metaphor-metaphor going through many lines
    rhyme scheme-aabbcc
    "To my dear and loving husband"-her & husband's love, challenge other women to find better man
    because her husband is best (hyperbole-exageration)

    Edward Taylor-minister, poet, "Huswifery"
    conceit-whole poem is extended metaphor
    starts with thread-words, the fabric-follow God's laws, clothes-bring glory to God
    looks to everyday(mundane) to talk about God (biblical illusions)
    metaphysical poetry-1.examines relationship between universe w/role of man
                         2.complexities and contradictions of life
                         3.absorbed with topics of death, religious devotion
    frequently in form of argument
    ornate style (200 meditations)->spiritual warm up for sermon
    assonance-vowel sounds form inexact rhyme
    consonance-ending consonants same--different sound

    Johnathan Edwards-Reverand (Great Awakening), influenced by Neo-Classical Age,
                         Jerimiad Sermons-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
       1. act of persuasion (uses powerful imagery & metaphors)
       2. ornate

    William Byrd-Southern Gentlemen(Cavalier)-"The History of the Dividing Line"
       1. assumes you are a learned person (allusions-Cantebury Tales)
       2. importance-background (different), talks about land (living on land)
       3. differences- easier to read, narrative, descriptive
       4. journal-humor, hyperbole
       5. purpose-entertain
    Southern:                                   |  Puritain:
    1. Anglicans-came for $                   | 1. Puritain sense of community (religion)
    2. Aristocrats                              |  2. Commoners
    3. Farm-big,fertile,empty,few, far apart | 3. farm-small,hilly,rocky,family farm
       needed cheep labor                     |
    4. Edu-rich got in England, ties S.to Eng | 4.Edu-developed schools(Harvard),no ties to Eng
       House of Burgesse                       |   Egalitarian setup
    5. climate-mild,long growing,leisure time  |  5. harsh, short gowing season
    6. lit-leisure(to entertain, inform) journal | 6. lit-ideas(god,universe,introspective)hist,no fic

    4 modes of discourse (mode of communication):
    1. narrative-tells a story
    2. descriptive-embedded in other types
    3. exposition-to inform, instruct, logically present pt of view
    4. persuasion-get someone to do something
 

    Neo-Classical Age-Age of Reason:
 
    Doric-Middle         Ionic-Early        Corinth-Late

    Persuasion:
    1. repition-repeating of phrases(for emphasis)
    2. parallelism-use of similar gramatical structure (to creat rhythm)
    3. restatement-stating of an idea in different words
    4. pathos- appeal to emotion
    5. logos- appeal to logic
    6. ethos- establishing legitamacy of the speaker & connection to the audience
    7. rhetorical question-to get someone to think, followed by answer (rebuttle)
    8. concession-express respect for opponent to prevent alienation of audience
    9. Ad Hominem-shift emphasis from issue to character of person
    10. charged language-elicits emotion, generally negative, part of pathos
    11. allusion
    12. metaphor
    13. aphorism-short,insightful saying that reveals a general truth
    14. anecdote-story illustrating point
      ---
    1. assert- thesis
    2. cite examples
    3. explain- define
    4. conclude
    Attitudes of people at this time:
    1. science and reason rule over faith & fate
    2. optimism, one can perfect oneself
    3. good of society benifits individual
    Influences:
    1. John Locke-Social Contract Theory-right to change government if majority unhappy
                                            -give up rights for benifits by joing ssociety
    2. Sir Issac Newton-scientific method-prove happenings of the world
    Patrick Henry-"Speech in VA Convention"
    1. mode of discourse-political persuassion
    2. uses-repetition, parallelism, restatement, rhetorical question,concession,chargedlanguage,
           allusion, metaphor, aphorism
    3.thesis-declare independence
    4. content-equates colonists to slaves
    5. influence-Locke
    Thomas Paine-"The Crisis, # 1"
    1. thesis-struggle is worth it, we have to fight
    2. uses-aphorisms, pathos
    3. style-political persuassion
    4. anecdote-story relating to topic
    5. influence-Locke
    Thomas Jefferson-"Declaration of Independence"
    1. thesis-we are free from Britain
    2. style-justification of rebellion
    3. uses- repetition
    4. influenced by John Locke-democracy, people's right to change government
    Benjamin Franklin-The Autobiography
    1. influences-Newton(daily planner, 13 virtues--man of reason(opposite of Puritains)
    2. purpose-serve as role model
    3. mode of discourse-narrative, persuassion
    4. 1st rags to riches story, each story tells about society at that time
    5. aphorism-short,witty statements relling general truth
 

    Romanticism (1800-1840)
    ~reaction against neoclassical time
    ~emphasis on intution,emotions,maysterious,individual over society,imagination
    ~nature always changing,man is ever changing,look to nature for truth/knowledge(natual laws)
    ~a prior knowledge-never taught, butsomehow know
    ~gothic-mysterious,magic,dark,emphasis on supernatural
    ~ancient, past, exotic
    William Cullen Bryant-"Thanatopsis"-Greek Meditation on Death
    1.him=people she=nature(personification)
    2. nature will take away
    3. dye->grass->cow->hamberger->dye...mutability-when death only change of form
    4. death and earth-not afraid of death and earth--1.)dont really die 2.)everyone dies
    5. in nature-happiness is found
    6. romanticism--reverence for nature, looks to for answers
    7. style-blank verse-unrhymed iambic pentameter, figurative language, metaphor, personification

    William Cullen Bryant-"To a Waterfowl"
    1.thesis-power->nature, guides us/animals through times if open to nature's lessons
    2. romantic elements-relates to nature, mystery(bird has natural intuition)

    Washington Irving-"Rip Van Winkle"
    verbally&physically abused by wife->men carry keg->bowling->liquor(drunk)->20 years later
    changes-gun rusted/worm eaten,dog gone,feels stiff,grown beard, problem-names on houses
    different,children making fun,dogs growling,house in ruins, changes in town-American flag, more
    people,busier, taverns name changed, not sign(*satire(ridicule w/humor)*-exchange george for
    another),
    petticoat government-escaped tyranny of his wife
    about three time periods:pre-revolutionary-dutch control
                              colonial-british control
                               post-revolutionary-american control
    Diedrich Knickerbocker-fictional author who researches Dutch
    folktale-American story,rooted tradition-drinking,political

    Wachington Irving- "The Devil & Tom Walker"
    similar-abusive wives who die,woods(peace,escape),supernatural(ghost,devil),satire(religion)
           same time period,humor
    different-woods(puritancial-devil's home)
    4 humors-must be natural balance or person is sick or nasty
    ex.black bile,yellow bile, phlegm,blood
    black represented nasty personality(produced in liver), heart symbolic of soul
    tree symbol for souls of well known people(power&wealth)-chop=reward of soul for devil

    Edgar Allen Poe-"The Fall of the House of Usher"
    -went to West Point b/c of misconduct thrown out
    -born to two actors
    -drank had experience w/drugs
    -marries Virginia Clem(13 yr old cousin), she dies, he writes
    -all words,characters produce a single effect--terror in this story
    -master of writing
    -uses alliteration,assonance,consonace,charged language
    -house of Usher-house itself and family(direct line of descent)
    -parallel between house and Roderick(both die w/madaline)
    -Roderick-acuteness of senses, Madaline-cataleptical siezures(mimics death)
    -calls narrator to entertain him
    -Roderick develops phobophobia, begins to play music, write poetry, read, paint
    -painted tunnel-literal & figuative (mind trapped-buried in own mind)
    -"The Haunted Palace"-- literal- describes palace&valley,yellow banners waving,something evil
    happens
                 to castle figurative-metachor for mind-good/happy,all still well, depression, now madness
    -Madaline dies,Roderick wont bury for fear of scientists studying, put in dungeon, bury later
    -narrator notices...brother&sister look alike(special bond), she still had color when buried,
                         screwed lid of coffin
    -7/8 days later-narrator ill at ease,storm,Roderick comes, read "The Mad Trist"-noise parallels
       Madaline escaping
    -realize Madaline buried alive, stands at door, madaline falls on him, she dies, Roderick dies of
    fright,
       house falls
    -clues house will end up in tarn-caracked,two halves falling, reflection of house in tarn
    1.)romantic elements-gothic, Roderick romantic-foucused on self
    2.)style-parelleling house,painting,MadTrist&Rodericks mind,family& house,descrip of
    house&Roderick
            single effect(everything develops one idea)-terror

    Edgar Allen Poe-"The Raven"
    -narrator foes crazy at the end (scholar morning lover)
    -Lenore-dead wife/lover
    -sitting in study
    -The Philosophy of Composition-Poe's reflection
       +only write about beauty elevate soul to tears w/ melancholy tone
       +death of beautiful women
       +theatrical points-refrain (nevermore)-single word
       +sound of more (o + r), chose for sonorous & emphasis
       +uses assonance, consonance, alliteration
       +chose raven-dark, ill omen, no meaning--needed for repetition
    -tempest going on-bird looking for shelter
       +writes 2nd last stanza---climax first
       +bird + bust contrast----hard & white/soft & black

    Edgar Allen Poe- "The Bells"
    -metaphor: stanza 1-happiness    stanza 4-death......total metaphor for life
    -uses assonance, onamonapia
 

    Nathaniel Hawthorne:
    Salem Witch Trials-19 people died, 400 accused in 6mths
    grandfather was judge-N. added "w" to name to distance from past
    very critical of Puritans (unforgiving) & science
    trancendentalist:felt that man essentially good, society corrupts, get back to nature
                     transcent world-Emmerson, Thoreau
    Brook Farm-utopia of writers, in the end, no writing got done, Hawthorne left
    antitranscendentalist-pessimistic view of world, Hawthorne, people combination of
                     good& bad, focuses on guilt & physc makeup, need to live w/others
    reclusive-wife saved him from himself
    The Scarlet Letter-(1646-1649)-set
    adultery punishable by death(symbolic execution, whipping, fines)
    ending resolves everything--sellout
    novel is classic except for custom house (classic-theme is timeless)
    timeless-guilt(public confessions-Puritanism), love, honesty, shame, isolation
    Custom House-narrator talks about different things and self
    Chapter 1:rose bush-Hester grows even though Puritan society kills off
               prison->civil law, cenemtery->death,moral law(judgment by God)
               tone-dreary, gloomy, grim,
    scaffold-divides story into 3 parts
    A-adultress, able, angel
    ambiguity-all symbols have positive & negative
    Pearl-color, sin/blessing, formed from irritation, beautiful child vs. evil being
    Chillingworth-character by name
    elaborate A: not ashamed, definance, Hester's spirit
    irony of Pearl covering scarlet letter
    Dimmesdale asks for name of father (if u have to--->say it)
    penance-self punishment    penitance-wanting make up for sin(regret)
    Hester-not penitant, but excepts penance, defys everyone & accepts punishment
           not ashamed of Pearl
    Dimmesdale-penitant, penance (beats himself, fasts), crime = sex and not telling
    Hester makes bargain w/Chillingsworth not to tell that he is her husband, made
           everything except wedding dress
    Chillingsworth finds out at the Governors house when Dimmesdale speaks on Hester's
           behalf to keep Pearl, manipulates Dimmesdale
    Chapter 12: Scaffold Scene-Dimmesdale tries to confess but is coward, Hester&
           Pearl come up on scaffold, Chillingworth sees, anithesis of alienation
    dual nature of man-antitranscendental novel (social commentary)
    "scarlet letter has not done its office"-did opposite
    Chillingswort's quest for revenge makes him evil, admires Hester for handling
    Hester reveals to Dimmesdale that Chillingworth was her husband
    Pearl-precocious (know more than age), intuition
    Dimmesdale not intuitive because of focus on self, cant forgive Hester for not telling,
           says Chillingworth committed unpardonable sin
    sunlight-innocence, grace of God
    cap-repression....removal of cap-let go of repression
    Pearl wont come to her mother w/o A, wont kiss Dimmesdale
    brook-division between fantasy & reality
    minister in a maze-everything looks different, gets 5 evil temptations but doesnt succumb
           to them, unconciously due to getting away with sin, realizes he cannot
           God's work cannot be manifest by coward-listen to intuition to do right
           must come forward, cant live w/sin, journey of coward->strength
    Hester doubts Dimmesdale in paradfe--doesnt glance,
    Dimmesdales confession redeems him, Pearl softens (redemption)
    Theme: 1.) guilt can destroy self    2.) choices determine what person becomes
            3.) punishment by others not as hard as self punishment
            4.) revenge destroys victim and seeker
    Chapter 24: Chillingsworth leaves money to Pearl, Pearl marries well, rich

    "Minister's Black Veil"
    secret sin, Elizabeth, Mr. Hooper, universal sin
    veil-sin, ambiguity
    criticism of Puritans-no outlet for redemption, private sins
    Theme:guilt & forgiveness-concentrated on sins was avoided & feared
 

    Herman Melville:
    -antitranscendentalist, whaling ship, jumped ship in south pacific, lived w/cannalbals,
       married Elizabeth Shaw, had 4 kids, idolized Hawthorne, moved to NY,
       isolts-cast away,desperado,ill-starved pilgrim, nature-uncarring,malevolent
    "Insanity is a sane response to an insane society"

    "Bartleby"
    Illusions:John Jacob Astor-name drop to bring emphasis to self
             character illusion-tell about self in indirect way
             Wall Street-street office is on, stockmarket,materialist capital of US
             Trinity Church-wealthy church, JJA paid for bronze doors, go to be seen
             Petra-ancient city in Jordan, center of business, between Agraba & Dead Sea
             Wall Street-pun--cubical,window looks at wall
             Cicero-Roman orator,ideal for lawyers,in office,strive for best
             Pillar of Salt-story of Lott,Bartleby doesnt heed instruct,lawyer-cant react
             Marius-defeated King,freed Cathage,known for defiance&threatening attitude
    Similarities(Bartleby & Narrator):
       1. passiveness-Narrator listens, Bartelby-"I would prefer no to."--choice
       2. alienation-what society does to people in Industrial Revolution
                     -boredom on job(copying), wants to be aalone
       3. pathological
    Three times Narrator tries to help Bartleby:
       1. let him stay at office
       2. asked if Bartleby wanted to live with him
       3. pays guy at prison to take care of him
    Dead letters symbolize Bartelby--represent potential & hope
       society stepping back from society
 

    Transcendentalism:

    Ralph Waldo Emerson-primary transcendentalism spokesman (theorist), unitarian minister,
                           New England Renissance, a priori knowledge-rely upon intuition, link
                           man god, nature...God-each person has piece of divine, man-individ
                           is most imp, society corrupts individ, society forces into conformity,
                           admires youth (less influenced), nature-search & find spiritual truth
                           oversoul-connects all three, allows person in nature ti see truth,
                           mysticism-connect physical & spiritual world, optimistic(idealistic)-man
                           completely good
    "Nature"-Emerson
    -definitive work explaining transcendentalism
    -declaration of linterary,cultural, and intelectual independence
    -style-descriptive, metaphorical(dry bones of past-old ideas),aphoristic(sun shines today also)
    -transparent eyeball=oversoul, sensitive to truth around self, forgets self
    -hyperromanticists
    -"Who can set bounds to the possibilities of man?"

    "Self-Reliance"-Emerson
    -points out why we arent self reliant, how we should live
    -aphoristic
    -negates neo-classical John Locke (enter into society is good)
    -conformity-following societies rules, changing self to "normal" w/o choice
       +trust thyself-do for selfnot society (heart=intuition, iron strings=strength)
      +courage to be who u are
    -hobgoblin-gremlin,harasses,   foolish consistency-dont look at circumstances to find fault
       +little statesmen(politics), philosophers(education), divines (religion)
    -style: broad generations
    -blind adherence is wrong...choice to conform is not bad conformity
    -"to be great is to be misunderstood"
    -be open to differences

    "Friendhip"-Emerson
    -friend=someone one can tell everything to and not be judged
           =someone you can be sincere with
    -difficult to find similar to self
    -literary  paradox-seemingly contradictory but true

    "Experience"-Emerson
    -must do things not just think about them
    -Education Farm-Brook Farm
    -experience in life determined by handling events

    "Fate"-Emerson
    -Je pense donc je suis--I think therefore I am
    -"intellect annuls fate" (circumstance)

    "The American Scholar"
    -man thinking
    -need Nature, mind of past,action
    -read at night-when action cannot be done
    -AMericans need own thougths, actions, lives
    -colleges create-dont tell what to think--make question

    Walden-Henry David Thoreau
    "Where I lived and What I lived For"
    -classical illusion, metaphore, aphorism
    -balance between society and nature
    -like Emerson
    -"live deliberately"-be aware so as not to waste time
    -2 years, 2 months, 2 days = 1 year in book
    -live life to fullest
    -anti-materialism--dont aquire, dont buy
    -simplicty-freedom
    -anti-technology-seperates from nature, truth, thought
    -possessions own people

    "Brute Neighbors"
    -ants-> black and red
    -establishes self as naturalist
    -style-> classical illusionn, mock heroic, pulls from history
    -"his mother had charged him to return w/shield or upon it"-remember for Red Badge
    -more think of it , less the difference"- transcendental truth
    -takes chip of wood back to house to watch battle
    -ferocity, carnage, war exists in nature all the time

    "The Pond in Winter"
    -negates association of death and winter
    -style- hyperbole

    "Conclusion"
    -leaves to try something else new
    -doesn't want to live routines->lead to conformity
    -style-paradox, aphorism, metaphor
    -society takes away from nature's truth
    -be a nonconformist
    -money cant buy happiness-nonmaterialistic
    -work towards dreams
    -table = society, bug/egg= individual, urn=knowledge(warmth-creativity)

    Historical Section:
    -slavery, Mexican American War-westward expansion, Andrew Jackson-optimism
    -beginning of Industrialization
    -Emerson (Beliefs)--optimism, man essentially good, personal truths in nature against society,
                         against conformity & technology, must be individual, intuition, mystical
                         relationship(oversoul), man, God,& nature, oversoul makes transparent
                         eyeball (nothing, see all)
    -Thoreau-anti-materialism,simplicity,anti-technology,machines should serve you,notyouthem
 

    The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn:
    -by Mark Twain (Samuel CLemens)-1884, Hannable, Missouri
    -discussing pre-civil war
    -takes place in Missouri (not much change between 1850 & 1880)
       -instituionalization of racism (Jim Crow laws)
    -regionalist-one who takes language,dress,customs,background of area and writes about them
    -realist-one who wrote the way life was,dont make better than is
       -comes about from Charles Darwin (Theory of Evolution)
           -survival of the fittest, natural selection
           -social/economic Darwinism (lazzie faire)-Puritan element
    -universal meeage-Freedom (Huck and Jim), Friendship
    -topics-slavery, friendship(levels),freedom,realism,society,race realation
    -friendship-Huck & Tom (longstanding, predates & concludes novel)
               -Huck & Jim (agaisnt society)
               -Huck & Buck (casual)
    -picaresque-picaro(soundrel,wildman), episodic story, humerous (comic)
    -burlesque-parody (mock,exaggeration), exaggerated comedy
    -bildungsroman-novel of moral development of character (young->growth)
    -end of novel-divison of Tom & Huck's world
    -travel down Mississippi River on raft (sacred journey of enlightenment)-peace
       -meet people in towns(only Duke/King come aboard)-deal w/levels of goodness
       -would go to hell to save Jim (kid making adult decision)
    -landings:1.)lady teaching Huck to throw ball
              2.)Grangerfords & Sheperdson-feud (Huck disgusted)
             3.)meet Duck/King(Yankee peddler)-money grubbing (Huck glad to see gone)
    -amt of death-most violent (common in 19th century life)
    -Story of Jim/Huck's adventures
       -Jim from slavery
       -Huck from cruelty (Pap, Widow Douglas, Miz Watson "sivilizing" effort)
    -Social Satire of towns along river (hopes to upset reader)
       1. funny/sad    comedy/tragedy
       2. appaling violence (Col.Sherburn, Grangerfords & Shepherdsons)
       3. religon & superstition (Miz Watson, G & S)
    -Characterization of Jim
       -intimidated,humble,doesnt respond violently,innocent,superstitious,gulable,sincere,victim
       -any character development= growth of Huck (makes Huck think-sound heart)
       -occured at seperation on raft during fog in Cairo, Jim's daughter(has family)-compassion
           and guilt(deaf but beaten), Jim wants to make enough money to get family out of slavery
    -Characterication of Huck (transcendental character)
       -sound heart, deformed conscience
       -1st person perspection
       -lies to everone except Mary jane (likes her)
       -makes fun of religion
       -practical, must work for now, nature of faith
       -superstitious-spider, bread finidng person
       -gives up eternal soul ("All right then, I'll go to hell")-climax
           -lie->giving Jim back (emotional struggle)-commitment to Jim
           -sound heart deformed conscience
       -sense of morality-moral code better than average person
           -tells Mary Jane about King/Duke
           -drunken man in circus on horse (mark twain- commenting on laughing at other's peril)
           -king/duke being tarred/feathered ("Human beings can be so cruel to one another")
           -on Sir Walter Scott (boat) got help for murderers
       -outside of society-better view of being human
    -Sub theme--self defeating nature of greed
       1.) King/Duke tarred & feathered
       2.) Sir Walter Scott-Jake/Bill/Jim(robbers) went back for extra money, Huck/Jim take boat
       3.) Huck wants adventure and gets shot
       4.) Pap gambled and wanted Huck's money--gets killed
    -Sub theme--"Noble birth" vs noblity
       "noble birth"-born into education,class,wealth, Grangerfords,Shepherdsons,Tom,Col.Sherburn
       nobility-nobel spirit (develop integrity), Huck, Jim
    -Mob Scenes
       1.) Col. Sherburn speech- Twain editorializes --cowards
       2.) King/Duke tarred & feathered-Huck realizes evil of humans to each other
       3.) King/Duke play (3rd nigth)- all of townspeople
    -Twain's attitude towards small towns-petty,provincial,self-centered
    -Theme-satire-failure of authority
       1.) Miz Watson/Aunt Polly-represents society/civilization
       2.) Huck's Pap-as good force (parent)
       3.) King/Duke
       4.) Judge (new)-rehabilitating Pap
    -The Problem of the Ending
       -logic of ending
           -Jim should not be freed (Miz Watson--sell him, why set free?)
           -deuz ex machina-device used by writer to resolve something (God as machine)
       -brings back feeling of beginning (sacrificed theme,plot,ideas,character for structure)
       -Baillie Theory--land=Twain's satire/critcism, ending = Satire
           -Tom symbolizes Southern Society (pointless rules)
           -Huck's epiphany-Tom not risking anything in setting Jim free (already free)
    -Raft--safety of Jim/Huck, freedom of Jim/Huck (paradoxal)-powerless,rudderless-symbol of Huck
            and Jim's position, steamboat=society/power-->raft drifting through society
    -River--means of escape, tool connecting episodes of story to thesis of story
    -Thesis: freedom to think, be who you are--not part of society

    Life on the Mississippi-Mark Twain
    -figurative language
    -understatment
    -characterization
    -techincal language

    "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County"-Mark Twain
    dialect-speech pattern by birthplace
    vernacular-everyday speech, phraseology by region
    juxtaposition-place next to each other
    satire-ridiculing through humor
    hyperbole-exaggeration
    Narrator 1: eastern, educated, flat accent, looking for Rev.Leonidas W. Smiley
    Narrator 2: Simon Wheeler-laid back,underseducated, local, western dialect
    Jim Smiley--lucky, gambling obsession--parson's wife dieing, chickening fight,stratelbug
    15 minute nag-horse-win race (take off at end)
    Andrew Jackson-bull pup (dog)-won dog fight (bite back leg), no legged dog wins
       -satire--people cant adapt
 

    Naturalism/Impressionism:

    "We Wear the Mask"-Paul Laurence Dunbar
    -hide how person feels (protect from vulnerability)
    -written during Jim Crow laws by African American
    -two ways to read something--universal (word), writer's meaning

    "As I Grew Up"-Langston Hughes
    -barriors between dreams and achieving them
    -slavery

    naturalism- Emil Zoler--hyper realism
    +free will and self-determination are illusions, product of heredity and environment
    + rejection or acceptance

    "To Build a Fire"-Jack London
    -best example of American naturalism
    -style: repitition(cold, old man-3times), parallelism, foreshadow, understatement, archtypes of #s
    -elements of naturalism
       +environment---below 75 degrees below zero
       +dog---natural protection,perceptive to man,instinct
       +man---hubris(false pride)to beat elements, doesnt understand significance,panic,denial,death
    -relationship of man & dog--not loving relationship
       -man sent dog to see if thin ice(hot springs)
       -man tries to kill dog to defrost hands
    -conflict: man vs nature...nature wins

    "The Open Boat"- Stephen Crane
    -nature doesnt care about person, can swallow person
    -4 men, oiler, captain, cook, corespondent
    -impresionistic (gull on captain's head, character compares self to surroundings)
    -colors--give time,creae mood, impressionist of characters
    -couldnt see color of sky--focusing on waves
    -role of nature--antagonistic(fighting against nature), unifying(depending on each other)
    -must face death--best experience in life of corespondent
    -herocism on "Open Boat" are men heroes? what is def of Crane's hero?
    -"halo" "saint" and oilers death. Christ symbolism? intentional? why?

    Impressionism-began in France,artistic and literary movement, perspective of light, realists, only
                           paint what is seen (not what they know is there)

    The Red Badge of Courage-Stephen Crane
    -May 13, 1863 Battle of Chancelersville (last battle South wins--poor Northern leadership)
    -people got into war-patriotism, pension, glofied view, romanitic view
    -Henry=youth   Jim=tall    Wilson=loud
    -allusion to Greek war
    -existentialist-existence(life) preceeds essence, life is chalange, no fixed essence, create selves
    as
                       live lives, Jean Paul Sartre
    -buildungsroman of Henry
    -one perspective--Henry
    -Henry-repeatedly rewritten(changes), no formative philosophy, romantic view of world(war),NY
    -ideals of war and what I am
    -shallow plot tied together by causality(what's going on w/Henry)
    Chapter 2:
    blue demonstration--part of whole;  scientist--scientific method;  thinks only one doubting self
    pruple hue-death (uniforms); red eyes (fires-monsters); impressionism-man on gigantic horse
    skitsophrenic;  looks up-sees fairy blue(delicate) juxtaposition-nature not in war; comic relief
    men forget war sometimes
    Chapter 3:
    walking to war; walk past dead man-question--what happens after death; Wilson shaking-gives
    Henry letter to take back to his family
    Chapter 4:
    getting prepared
    Chapter 5:
    "The Generals were stupids"--Henry's thoughts--whiny, little kid
    Chapter 6:
    other people running; mosters product of fear; stripped of allusions(Romantic View)-cap/gun
    Chapter 7:
    regiment successful-makes Henry coward; nature is indifferent(juxtaposing nature/man)-
    animals continue lives; transcendental view-look to natuer(squirrel ran); sees animals attacking
    and being attacked-ends transcendental view-doing opp of animal; chapel/reeligious;
    fish--3 times (Henry-fresh fish, fish food, dead fish); ant eats corpse-nature thrives on death
    Chapter 8:
    Nihilism-lost,doesn't care(sings songs-nothing matters); reality dominated by destuctrive
    forces; not horrified by war (destructive machine)-ammoral-must go see; tattered man-
    hit in head, arm dangling, asks about Henry's wounds
    Chapter 9:
    Henry sees Jim (brings Henry back to reality); Jim's wounds-side (Jesus=pierced sided w/spear),
    hand (nailed to cross), death-redemptive for Henry-life has meaning (redems sinners)
    Humanism-Henry finds meaning in meaningless world; unaware-doesnt know who or what he is
    Henry treated tattered man with scorn-but tattered man cares (brings out guilt,inferiority); leaves
    Henry hit on head by annoyed soldier; cheery soldier-random act of kindness(sense of brother-
    hood) takes Henry back; Wilson changed-from self-absorbed to caring,tolerant,reassuring
    Roman Hero--based on benefit for group---Wilson
    Greek Hero--individual glory, generally flawed--Henry
    Henry now proud/huaghty/egotistical/feels guilt/boasts/self-absorbed
    Chapter 15:
    decides not to give packet back to Wilson--hypocrit; still a man in other's eyes but knows he is
    a coward; Henry keeps fighting, doesn't realize everyone else stopped-congradulated
    not truly hero--not concious (menos)
    Chapter 18:
    climax- "new eyes were given to him" (pg. 552); learned he was insignificant (call to maturity-
    buildungsroman); Henry and Wilson are expendable (mule drivers); inner knowledge
    Chapter 19:
    honored to be flag bearer (flag--geras); Henry urges people to fight after getting flag(goddess)
    Chapter 24:
    death insignificant; coward-one who fear conciously; "He was a man"-existential change-rite of
    passage
    John Hart:
    "unconsious desire and concious fear"
    Henry's identity comes from group??---no from self
    discovery of self--group fascilitates
    seperation, initiation, return
    universal hero???
    Henry's Changes:
    1.) Romantic youth    2.) stripped of illusions    3.) transcendental (rationalizing)
    4.) Nihilism-life has no meaning,nothing matters     5.)Humanism-meaning in meaninless world
    Stages of Henry by Battles:
    1.) ran    2.) machine-like    3.) conscious decision (new eyes)
    Greek Words:
    geras-the prize (flag)
    arete'-code of conduct based on loyalty,honesty, charitable deeds, fair play
    menos-animal like battle rage
 

    Modern Literature:
    suspend belief, celebration of disruption (author's intent to fight w/reading), symbolic thought
    ambiguos, gnomen (leaving out info), uses stream of consciousness, flashback (interruption
    for past info), nonlinear story telling

    The Great Gatsby-- F.Scott Fitzgerald
    -married to Zelda Sayre after success, alcoholic, life parallels Gatsby, not rich
    - 1914-1918 WWI disillusionment, allienation, country optimistic, prohibition, fads, Jazz Age
    Chapter 1--first few pages = prologue
    protagonist-Nick, Gatsby
    midwest-innocence, surviving Puritainism        east-post war heodonism, corruption
    West Egg-new wealth                Valley of Ashes-middle, poor                   East Egg- Old Wealth
    Nick--midwest, upper middle class, West Egg
    James Gatsby- nouveau riche (just earned wealth), gaudiness, showyness because of money,
               represents self-made man, rags to riches, orphaned, pretends to be old wealth,
               San Fransisco (mid-west), hero