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   Chapter 1: New World Beginnings (1492-1670)
   I. Indirect Discoveries of the New World
      A. European Exploration
          1. Norse(Viking-adventurers)-Leif Ericson(c.1000)Vineland(New Foundland)
          2. Impact of Christian Crusades (11-14 centuries)
              a. purpose-kick Moslems ou of Palestine
              b. introduced Asian products-spice,silk,perfume,drugs,draperies
          3. Distance= expense
              a. search for less costly, by-pass Italians
          4. Marco Polo(returned to Europe from China in 1295)
          5. Renaissance Impact(Rebirth)
              a. better maps
              b. compass-Chinese
              c. printing press-1450
      B. Modern Nation States Emerge
          1. gave strength
          2. renaissance spirit-monarchs interested in knowledge/exploration
          3. new governments ability--organize army/boat/financial
          4. 1st to unite->1st empire builders
          5. Portugal took lead
              a. Prince Henry the Navigator
              b. Diaz 1st to African tip(1488)
              c. DaGama 1st to India around Africa(1498)-stimulated
              d. 1st to China, Japan, & Philipeans
              e. flourishing trade in India & African Coast
                  1.)Prices dropped & Italian monopolies broken
          6. uniting of Spain (Ferdinand & Isabela)
          7. Columbus: goal->quickest trade route to Asia
                    significance->opened new world for exploration/settlement
                                              led to devastation of Native Americans
      C. Earliest Americans
          1. True Discoverers
              a. route-land bridge
              b. diversity
          2. great civiliations based on corn (maize)
          3. sophisticated NA of North America than in South America
              a. Mayan, Incan, Aztec
          4. some sophisticated Native American Tribes
              a. mound builders(lower Mississippi Valley)
                  1.) ovens, not stone age(used iron), permanant homes
              b. Pueblos (Rio Grande Valley)
                  1.) irrigation, built apartments into mountain
              c. Creeks (southeast)
                  1.)elected leaders
              d. Iriquois (northeast)
                  1.)Hiawatha-joined tribes together-"Iriquois Confederacy"-"League of..."
                      Onondagas, Cayugas, Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida
                  2.)Long House- relate families on mother's side
      D. When world's collide
          1. NA plants taken to Europe made population grow
              a. money off colony--tobacco
          2. Europeans introduced dandilions, blue grass, disease-small pox,yellow fever
          3. Spanish Conquuistadors
              a. Treaty of Todesilles-between Spain&Portugal
                  1.)divided land between--ignored all others
              b. Vasco Balboa-discoverd Pacific Ocean(through Panama)
              c. Ferdinand Magellan-named Pacific, 1st to circumnavigate-true size found
              d. Juan Ponce de Leon-discovered Florida, looked for Fountain of Youth
              e. Fansico Coronado-looked for gold, found Buffulo, Grand Canyon
              f. Hernado DeSoto-1st to see Mississippi, dies wounds-"Father of Waters"
              g. Corte's- Mexico, killed Montezuma
              h. Pizzaro-Peru', Incas
              i. impact= rob gold&silver, inflation, enslave NA, disease, intermarriage
      E. England Imperial Stirring
          1. rivalry w/Catholic Spain intensified after Protestant Queen Elizabeth I
          2. work of "sea dogs"/ Sir Francis Drake (Pirates)
          3. First English Attempts at Colonization
              a. New Foundlan-Sir Humphrey Gilbert
              b. Roanoke-Sir Walter Raleigh(joint stock company)-lost colony
          4. King Philip's "Invincible" Armada
              a. why? mad about sea dogs, religion, not being England's king (marriage)
              b. impact->N.A. opened up to English(no Spanish attacks)
                                  national pride in England & literature
      F. England on Eve of Empire
          1. growing population-indentured servitude
          2. unemployment-land lords were "enclosing" cropland--tenancy(lease)
          3. yoman-small farmer
          4. primogenture-oldest male inherits all-> rest leave etc.
          5. inflation- "sea dog" gold & silver, prices go up
          6. joint stock company
          7. religious persecution-hasseled, jailed, executed
      G. Jamestown- John Smith & John Rolfe
          1. Virginia Company of London
              a. Joint Stock Company
              b. charter from King James I
                  1.) same rights to settlers as to the English
                  2.) all colonies (PA most diverse colony)
          2. Motives
              a. gold
              b. christianize natives
              c. to look for Northwest Passage
          3. Problems
              a. illness
              b. shortage of food
              c. didn't want to farm
          4. Salvation
          5. King Nicotine-John Rolfe, economic mainstay of VA
              a. mercantilis-theory that colonies exist to make mother country rich
                  1.) raw materials only to mother country
                  2.) colonies can only buy from mother country
              b. barter through tobacco(salary)
              c. problems->harsh on soil(didn't crop rotate), moved further in
              d. price drops due to too much supply
              e. labor-plant many acres(indentured servants frees 7 years)
                  1.) McDaniel Bacon-rebellion of indentured servants
                  2.) economic decisions to start slavery
          6. House of Burgesses
              a. 1st example of representative gov't
              b. 2 parts--elected/unelected
      H. Maryland
          1. Purpose-haven for Roman Catholics
              a. Calverts established (head of family--Lord Baltimore)
              b. realized around them were Protestants more
          2. Prosperity
              a. Tobacco-rich, controlled gov't
              b. Act of Toleration
                  1.) freedom of religion (all Christians)
                  2.) death to Jews & Atheists
      I. Carolinas
          1. colonization stopped (10 years Charles&Parliament fight-Cromwell cuts head)
          2. Restoration (Charles II) Empire Building
          3. grow food for sugar planations in Carribean
          4. export wine, silk, olive oil(didn't work)
          5. rice(main export) slaves from Africa->didn't get malaria, got sycle cell animia
          6. Charlestown-wealthiest most diverse Southern port
          7. North Carolina-settlers poor, religious dissenters
              a. squatters
              b. a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit
          8. Rhode Island (Lord's debree) & North Carolina Comparison
              a. most democratic
              b. most independent
              c. least aristocratic-least economic wealth
      J. Georgia
          1. last founded(1733)
          2. buffer- between Spain & England
          3. debtor colony
          4. subsidies-British give money to be buffer
          5. James Oglethorpe-founder(1/9 owners)-only one who cared
          6. protection of S. Carolina
   Chapter 2: Completing the Thirteen Colonies (1619-1700)
      A. The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritainism
          1. German monk Martin Luther(1517)
              a. criticized leaders of church responsible for christianity changing/corrupting
              b. said people can read God's word on their own
              c. poor had to pay money to get to heaven
              d. unleashes effort in people to change Catholic
   Christianity: "universal" Catholic (only one church) or Protestant
          2. John Clavin(Geneva) elaborated Luther's ideas--Calvinism
              a. pre-destination
              b. God-all knowing, People-wicked because of original sin(Adam & Eve)
              c. pre-destined to heaven--"the elect""visible saints"->responsible
                  1.)looked for signs of "conversion"-expierence revealing destination
          3. Ideas into England as HenryVIII breaks ties w/Roman Catholic Church(1530s)
              a. stimulated religious reformers to purify English Chrisitianity
              b. Puritans-visible saints-did not want to worship w/non-elect, wanted to
                  purify the Anglican Church, no stainglass win/services similar to Catholic
              c. Pilgrims-purest Puritans, considered Anglican church corrupted
              d. King James I- told them to get out
      B. Pilgrims-Plymoth Colony
          1. seperatisits
          2. Mayflower Compact-make & follow laws made by majority
          3. Massassoit, Samset, Squanto
          4. absorbed
          5. significance-tradition of democracy, religious freedom, NA help(Thanksgiving)
      C. Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth
          1. Puritains wanted to change from within
          2. Charles I ends Parliament & allowed persecution by Archbishop William Loud
          3. Charter in New World from Charles II
          4. well-equiped/well organized
          5. great migration-1st boat=1000, next 10 years=14000
          6. success-ambition-covenant=build purified/perfect society
              a. John Winthrop--"protestant work ethic" "city upon a hill"
      D. Building Bay Colony
          1. franchise extended to all "freemen"
              a. about 2/5 of men could vote
              b. better ratio than in England
          2. freemen elected government General Court(assembly)
          3. Doctrine of Covenant-"Thank you for new chance to make perfect society."
          4. congregation could hire, fire, set salaries for ministers
          5. clergy could not hold political office(beginning seperation of church/state)
          6. "worldly"-Blue Laws->regulated laws for Sabath
      E. Trouble in Bible Commonwealth
          1. Dissenssion
              a. Quakers
              b. Anne Hutchenson-antiomiavion
              c. Roger Williams
                  1.)denied authority of civil gov't, established RI, complete freedom of
                      religion for all, no taxes support church, manhood suffrage
      F. Conneticut
          1. Boston Puritans
          2. Fundamental Orders-constitution-democracy run by "substancial citizens"
      G. Seeds of Colonial Unity & Independence
          1. New England Confederation founded
              a. purpose-protection against Native Americans
              b. King Philip
          2. confederation ended
          3. Benign/Salutory Neglect-Civil War--Charles I beheaded--Oliver Cromwell
          4. Restoration
              a. Charles II claims crown
              b. determined to manage colonies-defiance
          5. Dominion of New England
              a. all New England colonies, NY, NJ
              b. purpose-defense, promote English laws(navigation acts)
              c. Sir Edmond Andros in charge of Dominion
                  1.) harsh control
                  2.) tried to catch smugglers (Navigation Acts)
          6. Glorious (Bloodless) Revolution
              a. dethroned Charles II
              b. new rulers--William & Mary
              c. dominion ended
          7. Massachusetts became royal colony (lose ability to pick own gov't)
      H. New Netherland
          1. Explorer Henry Hudson
          2. Dutch West India Company bought Manhattan ($24 in trinketts)
          3. New Amsterdam(NYC)-profit by trade
              a. Peter Stuyvesant(peg leg)-harsh rule(no freedom of religion)
              b. aristocratic-land claims "knickerbockers"-dutch landowners
          4. attacked New Sweden(NJ)-log cabins-made 1st "normal" house
          5. British siezed NYC
          6. Duth features retained-Santa Claus,saurekraut, Easter eggs, bowling,
              sleighing, golf, "Harlem," "Brooklyn," waffles
      I. Penn's holy experiment in PA
          1. religious society of friends-"Quaked"-prayed-movement
              a. services in people's houses-meeting house-no stained glass/padded benches
              b. no minister-people who want spoke
              c. believe in "inner light"-need to know bible
              d. antibabtist sect
          2. offensive to religious/civil authorities
              a. refused to swear (both good & bad)
              b. refused to pay taxes
              c. refused to fight
              d. refused to take hat off to higher people
              e. refused to use titles (no lord/lady)-used thou's/thee's
          3. William Penn's goals (1682)Penn's Woods, Phili-City of Brotherly Love
              a. religious freedom to all
              b. experience with liberal ideas--most diverse colony at the time
                  1.) religion, monetary doesn't matter, any man w/land could vote
          4. Growth of Colony
              a. 18yrs later-3rd largest in money/population
              b. one bill passed-defense against native americans
              c. @American Revolution-Philiadelphia largest city
      J. Middle Colonies (NY,NJ,PA, Del)
          1. Bread Colonies
          2. Rivers
          3. neg-not earliest factories (NewEngland)
   Chapter 3: American Life in 17th Century
      A. Unhealthy Chesapeake
          1. disease ravaged settlement
              a. comparison of life in Eng to VA/MD--10 years less life
              b. women rarely reach 40(child birth)/men rarely 50
          2. Towns grew slowly--mostly from immigration
              a. single men-late teens/20s (indentured servants)
              b. 6:1-1650, 3:2-1700 (men-women)
          3. Few & Fragile families
              a. few mates
              b. one mate died in 7 yrs
      B. Tobacco Economy
          1. suited for tobacco-weather, wide bread fields, great rivers(shipping)
              a. could have turned to corn (NA attacks)
              b. depressed nature of farming-too successful is bad
          2. Labor shortage-tried NA, yomen(indentured servants)
          3. Headright System-FFV's (First Families of Virginia)
              a. to encourage getting workers to America (100000 brought in 1600s)
              b. for every indentured servant=50acres (3/4 immigrants-indentured)
          4. as land became scarcer-fewer grants in "freedom dues"
          5. harsh life for servants
              a. misbehaved=extended servant time
              b. no land go back to work for owner(permanently poor)
              c. few marriage mates
              d. anger of workers
          6. Nathaniel Bacon's Rebellion-landowner
              a. indians & gov't
              b. hanged, died in jain, rebellion crushed
      C. Colonial Society
          1.bulk of kidnapped Africans (10 million) end up servants
          2. Changes
              a. planters looked for less troublesome laborers->indentured servants
              b. rising wages in England shrank pool of indentured servants
              c. 1698 Royal Afican Colony lost crown-granted monopoly to carry slaves
              d. colonists especially RI became slave shippers
              e. 1750- nearly half of VA was black/ black outnumbered white 2:1 in SC
          3. slave trade-Middle Passage(slave trip to America)
              a. triangle trade:colonies rum to Africa,slaves to Carribean,mollases to colony
          4. racism-laws based on race became clearer "slave codes"
              a. blacks & children property for life
              b. crime to teach blacks to read/write
              c. conversion to Christanity would not bring freedom
          5. African Life in America
              a. harsh in deep south
              b. growth of stable & distictive slave country
                  1.) adopted Chrisitanity-ring shouting-jazz/rejected destination
                       emphasized Christ's lowly birth
                  2.) language blend gober/gumbo, banjo, bongo drum
              c. slave revolts
                  1.)NYC-12 white dead, 21 black executed
                  2.) SC-revolted & tried to escape to Florida
                  3.) no rebellion matched Beacon's
      D. Southern Society
          1. gaps in social structure as slavery spread
          2. great planters at top (never a lot)
              a. dominated economic/political life
              b. FFV
          3. small land owners
              a. biggest group
              b. don't have slaves, ragged existence
          4. landless whites
          5. indentured servants
          6. slaves
          7. few cities-reluctance to pay merchants, artisans
      E. New England Society
          1. healthier life
              a. cooler, cleaner water
              b. 10 years added to life
          2. family emphasis
          3. Population growth-child birth, early marriage, pregnant every two years
          4. longevity-family stability
              a. low premarital pregnancy
              b. grand parents
          5. small villagers & farms
          6. orderly expansion-gov't organized
          7. Harvard(8yr after arrival)/William &Mary(90yrs after)-train ministers
          8. Democracy impact-Congregational Churches & town meetings
          9. "Jeremaid Preachers"-name from profit--life got easy--few"elect"
          10. Halfway Covenant"-12 yrs later, partial church mem for non-elect
          11. witch-trials
              a. 20 people executed-2 dogs
              b. common in Europe
              c. conclusion-grew out of supersitions of time period
                                      unsettled religious&social changes of period
          12. Rocky Soil Impact
              a. scratching a living
              b. industry, penny pinching, frugality
          13. Less ethnically mixed-poor soil, religious limits
          14. diversified agriculture & industry
              a. small family farms
              b. natural harbors-shippers, ship builders, fishers
          15. impact on nation
              a. thousands moved-poor soil, recreated NE towns
              b. idealism-farmers
          16. Conclusion
              a. most were farmers
              b. humble life-comfortable when compared to England
              c. land was cheap(except S.)
              d. frontier life did not allow for class distinctions
   Chapter 4: Colonial Society on Eve of Revolution (1700-1775)
      A. Conquest by the Cradle (birthrate)
          1. population doubled every 25 yrs
              a. child birth more than immigration
              b. 1775-2.5 million (500,000 blacks)
          2. Political consquences
              a. 1700=20 British-1colonist
              b. 1775= 3 British- 1 colonist
          3. Most lived East of Alleghenies
              a. VA, Mass, PA, NC, MD=most
              b. Philadelphia-largest city (34,000)
              c. 90% rural dwellers
      B. Perhaps most ethnic mix in world
          1. English biggest group
          2. Germans- 6% (PA 1/3 of population in 1775)
              a. no loyalty to Britain
              b. back country
              c. kept language, customs, culture
          3. Scotch-Irish=7%-1775
              a. Scots Lowlanders
                  1. went to N. Ireland, religious animosity, British high rent&linen restrict.
              b. most lived in PA
                  1. frontier