Compartive Politics - examining political realities around the world, how govt opperate,
    how people opperate, leaders, within country (structure, taxation, human rights)
Politics- continuing series of events (process) by which communities pursue collective
    goals & deal w/their conflicts authoritatively (capability to rule) by means of
    governement (bargaining & coersion)
Issue is political - Are governments involved? Is the governement asked to be involved?
    Are they expected to be involved?
Answer the empiracal questions -- evidence/fact based, exploration of what is normative
    questions - what should be, "ought," political theory
Method: 1.) describe "what" - clarrify what your talking about
    2.) explain "why" - how factors influence others, general patterns & specifics
    3.) prediction- tendencies, take peoples whims into account
    4.) prescription - how govt should act, share info w/policy makers
Point - look at countries around the world, compare/contrast govt style, econflict, etc
Conflict- power, resource, identity, values/morality, ideology
Political power - capacity to effect outcomes by controlling or influencing the state (govt
    as whole), held by govt officials & smaller groups, govt tries to prevent one groups
    total domination
Authoritty - ability to rule 1.) legal - rule of law, law limits what state/govt people can do
    no one above law     2.) personal - leadership ability, get people to follow, charisma, ideas
    military support
Legitamacy - right to rule (should come from public), give govt stability, problem when
    challenged sources - public, devine right, laws of history, differ in how to put into use
    *Locke, Hobbs, Rouseau - social contract, differed on practice
    *Weber - 1.) traditional authority    2.) legal authority    3.) charismatic authority
Ideology - came in late 18th & 19th centuries during Age of Enlightenment, Industrial
    Revolution, people thought they had rational ability to solve problems, began to challenge
    right of monarchs
    -process ("science") of ideas & prescription of future
        1.) materialism - ideas inspired by material things
        2.) social & political improvment is primary goal
    -tool of Elite group used to justify postion in life  (Marx & Engles), not objective,
     represent upper class
    - only make sense in context (period of time & country)
    -pertains only to extremes
    - always oppose status quo (not -- absent ideology)
    -evaluate status quo & prescribe changes for better future, put forth method to get there,
        provide value system
    1.) political    2.) view/understanding of present & view of future    3.) action oriented -
        provide plan for goal    4.) geared toward masses (concrete or vague)    5.) simple &
        straight forward message    6.) view of relationship btw state, govt, & society (masses)
    -purpose -> mobilize people to some end, develop relation btw state & people, shared inter
    -philosphy concerned w/meaning of life, clear right/wrong,phil- open minds, introspection,
    abstracting from realtity; ide-move to action -- not develope intellectual capacity,
    concrete steps
spectrum--
 LEFT ---radical -- liberals -- moderates -- conservatives -- reactionaries ---RIGHT
1.) direction of change, progressive, retrogressive
2.) depth of change, how much?
3.) spread of change -- how fast?
4.) method of change -- nonviolenc to violence (terrorism)
1.) progressive -- deviation from status quo
    retrogressive -- return to past practices
2.) create new institutions, reevaluate wat govt works
3.) gradual, quick wide sweeping (revolution)
-moving toward the left -> use of extra legal means exist (challenge law)
-Radical -> quick, drastic, overhaul, may be more likely to use violence fundamentally
    challenge values --more equality, idealistic, people tend to overreact (ex Lenin, French Rev)
-Liberals - less drastic, less dissaticfied, significant reforms within laws (not revolution)
    strong belief in equal opportunity, hard work not birth matters, individual rights over state
    advocates of reason to solve problems, believe, people basically good, classical liberals-
    placed value on property, elirist element, now- decreased importance on property, increased
    social justice, rights of groups (ex Ted Kennedy)
-Moderate - leans toward liberal or conservative, no real characteristics (ex Blaire, Clinton)
-Conservatives - not change, satisfies, people not inherently good, people dont have capacity
    to make informed descision, irrational (limit to reason), elitist- natural born talent matters
    most, society more important than individual (moralities), less tolerant of deviations,
    strong appreciation of order, heirarchy, stability, strong protection of property (less govt
    intervention) (ex. Newt Gingrich, George W.)
-Reactionary- return values/institutional structures to past (ex. unibomber, taliban)

European Left - Communism, Socialism, Labor Parties
-England - left changedd, moving toward private health care, labor groups not w/party
-France - selling state owned industries
-Spain - privatization of health care
-"Third Way" - left coming towards middle, reevaluate meaning of left at end of Cold War

Marxism -
Marx--sees people living in poor houses, long hours, unsafe conditions (exploited), owners
    of means of production (have money) use profits to reinvest, take left over, people paid
    bare minimum, increased depersonalized work, thought he was at the end of capitalism
-Labor Theory of Value - manufactured good gets value from work put in
-people fundamentally good/generous, have infinite creative capacity
-capitalism impediment to development of humanity
-Economic Determinism - all behavior (political/social)  determined by economic class
-national boundries wither away - all workers unite
-society made of foundation and super structure
    -means of production
    -relations of production - social classes depending on means, owners high/greater say
        in govt
    -superstrucure - everything outside of economy (nonmaterial institution arranged to
        suit ruling class), for rulers to maintain control
    -religion - opiate of the masses
    -similar economic structures lead to similar superstructure
-dialectic - thesis: state of events at time    antithesis: challenge of events
    synthesis: fusion of positive elements of theis & antithesis
- 5 stages of history   ---> materialism is engine to move forward
-Communist Manifesto -- move to socialist state, thru revolution carried out by working
    class ("call" to them), assist working class in developing class consciousness, vanguard
    of proletariate - educate, develop class  consciousness, then wont need to do anything
    else to get revolution started, revolution: take away factories, remove democracy,
    flatten social classes, 1st govt & dictatorship of prolitariet - reeducate owners of means
    of production, govt wither away -- stateless society, people will give what they can,
    take what they need
    -problems - who judges needs? no incentive to participate, dictatorship doesnt wither,
    optimistics, about human nature (greed)
-movement of history: tribal -> empire -> feudalism -> capitalism -> communism
    -thought 1st site would be Germany or England

Russia - 1917, political & economic chaos, Czar Nicholas II abdicated, power stuggle
    agricultural society (80% peasants    3/126 million 'working' class)
V.I. Lenin - Bolshevick leader, used to be socialist democratic party, 1895- imprisoned
    & exiled to Siberia, "Capitalist Development" lived abroad, 1905- party lived into
    Blsheviks (hard core) & Mensheviks (literal), 1917-1918 WWI, Czar gone, Civil
    War, Lenin takes charge implements War communism (takes control of building
    war materials, imposes tax on peasant agriculture, doesnt allow other parties to
    speak, creates secret police), creates USSR (1922-1923), didnt wait for the revolution
    to occur spontaneously, joined workers w/other disenfranchised (peasants), vangaurd
    made party (central) - democratic centralism, revolutionaries
Demcratic centralism - party heirarchical, participation at every level of party, bottom
    level most important, party leaders elected from below, oranizes all activities,
    members go along with decisions of party, deviations go against party
central part takes over democratic part, democracy for the people, by the people
    Communist Party-dictatorship of the prolitariate, rescinds peasant tax - sell for
    profit -> NEP (new economic policy) dual economy - mostly socialism, some
    capitalism, dies in 1924, power struggle (Stalin, Trotsky, Bukharin-Trotsky flees
    to Mexico)
Joseph Stalin - got rid of NEP, state runs everything (research, defense, peasants forces
    from land into collectives, party no longer vehicle to revolution, he is revolution, rapid
    industrialization (5 year plans), resistors/critiques expelled, no discussion, birth of KGB
    (root out opposition to Stalin, no regular party meetings, purged party, totalitarian
    state, national interest 1st (Marx - international) not working class, dies in 1953,
    power struggle
Nicholas Krushev - destalinization, restore communist party to Lenin's version, Cuban Missile
Breshnev - 1964- restriction on dissidents, knew what was banned,
Andropov, Cherninko - 1980s
Gorbechov - 1985, changes again

China--
Mao Zedong-peasant, 1911 revolution (Sun Yat Sen - unity) Republic existed until 1925,
    power struggle - not keeping China as state, no working class in 1920s, potential of
    peasant revolution, Chiang Kai Shek -KMT-anticommunist - Civil War, Mao keeps
    moving to avoid capture, Long March - east to west wlak to Yunan, Japan trying
    to colonize Manchuria (Manchikwova), Mao & Shek unite to fight, falls apart, Civil
    War again, 1949 Mao victorious, Shek goes to Taiwan...struggle yet to come =>
    ideological purity - everyone need to agree on ideology, practical concers for
    secondary, peasants directly involved, permanant revolution - violence, periosic series
    of events testing people's beliefs in communism, keeping masses mobilized, People's
    Republic of China, radical land reform -> give to peasants in collectives, nationalize
    industries, allowed noncommunists to originally participate, 5 year plans, equal rights
    (women's rights) -> social agenda, wanted to rid opium/drug addiction, 1958-Mao
    convinced revolution didnt go far enough, Great Leap Forward - not enough equality
    tried to take authority from party leaders to local buracracy, mass mobilization
    project, moved from intellectuals, wanted iron production, irrationization, led to
    famine, not successful (2-3 years), early 1960s - gives more control, limited market
    reforms - open/5 year plans, growth of buracracy, 1966- Cultural Revolution -
    criticism not allowed, takes back power, cracks down on Deng Chao Ping, eliminated
    opponents, student movement, enlisted Red Guard (terror) - out of control, 1976-gets
    rid of Red Guard, Mao dies, Deng Xiaoping new leader, struggle btw reforming
    communism vs soviet followers, root of Marxism
Markist Theory vs Actual Revolutions
1.) happened w/peasant class (agraian societies) lack of working clas
2.) by part, not spontaneous (vanguard stays powerful) - totalitarian
3.) dual economy (give have/take need)
4.) party central not masses
5.) violence excess (not needed to keep control)
6.) no international revolution

Fasism--
Benito Mussolini - father 20th Century
-not totally coherent, syncrehistic, doesnt call for specific govt, leader's goal different
-ad hock movement - rationalize after the fact
1.) irrationalism - rejection of Enlightenment thinking that came out of Western Europe
    life to complex for ordinary people to understand, chosen leaders, science rejected,
    no objective truth, emotions become bery important
2.) elitism - chosen few leaders should rule, chosen masses dont rule, all people not
    equal, weak subjugated by strong (social darwinism)
3.) use of myth - tell stories about past, when country was strong, envied by world
    "return to previous state of grandeur" - to get people motivated
4.) use of propganda -demonize any group thats different
goals:
1.) nationalism/imperialism - create situation where certain people have higher status
    crush weak, establish dominance
accomplish goals:
1.) violence (militarism) - struggle is good, peace - absence of struggle, bad because
    weak mingle w/strong
2.) action for action's sake
opposes:
1.) liberalism - social deviation bad, no personal freedom, work for "greater good"
2.) marxist - marxism to international, believe nation state will stay (not "stage in
    history")
maintain control:
1.) totalitarianism - total control, govt controls some part of everything
2.) economic control - does not oppose capitalism, if it benefits state (overseen by
    govt, wealth private generates goes back to state)
3.) corporatism - system to facilitate bargaining btw industry, workers, govt to
    avoid internal conflict btw different sectors of the economy
prevalent:
1.) racism - draw distinction btw weak & strong

Italy--
Mussolini - parents radical, interested in politics, joined socialist party (editor of Avanti)
    early writings followed Marxism, didnt trust masses to start revolution, believed
    strongly in vanguard, not stages, human will - people can shift events, economic
    conditions dont shape human view, WWI (1914-1917) - believed Italy should enter
    - thrown out of party, Italy expected to get land when Allies won, didnt get land,
    dissillusioned, Italy has problems: unsettlement, ineffective govt (constitutional
    monarchy), founded fascist party - opportunist - goes to industrialists for
    resources, used propoganda to get masses motivated, fascist party gains seats in
    2nd election (doesnt like electoral process) goes to King & says let him take over
    while king keeps title, establish black shirt storm troopers to get rid of opposition
-think state manifests greatest good
-tried corporation to control unions
-endured until end of WWII when killed by own people

Germany--
-Hitler from humble origins, in Vienna until 1913 - enlisted in army - wounded, ended
    Versailles treaty harsh obligations for Germany, war guilt clause, Germany had to
    pay back for war =>xenophobic, sees fault as German Jews
-inflation goes up, unemployment out of conrol, disillusionment
-Weinmar Republic - democratic mixed system that doesnt work (too many parties)
    minority govt or coalitions
-Hitler joins national socialist party, starts to do well
-Beer Haul Pouche - attempted coup failed, Hitler thrown in jail, wrote My Struggle
-1928 gain few seats (7), 1932 had 280, Hitler appointed chancellor (1933)
-establishes dictatorship (1933)
-totalitarian state -> no opposition, racist dialogue, propoganda - blame Jews
-myth back to Tuetonic nights (Sigried), democracy a sham
- corporatism set up, syncretistic, elitism

Contemporary Fascism--
-Haider in Austria        - France - national front parties, La Pen&nbbsp;       -Nazi Party
in Germany        -neonazi parties
-smaller competting electorally, seperate from state
-emphasis on fear of others (xenophobia) - antiimigration
-new speak (double talk) - twist of fact for own interpretation
-selective populism - leaders use charisma to appeal to people ("champion of little peop")
-contempt for weak (vote against social welfare)
-struggle is good, peace bad

Political Economy - how communities persue collective economic goals & deal with conflicts
    over scarce resources/ other economic factors in authoraitative ways of govt
How politics affects economics - govt policies to control, stimulate economy, taxation
How economic affects politics - countries provided aid, wealthy providing more political
    power, "vote for pocketbook," candidates like you socioeconomically
Capitalism - "free market" "market sconomy" - economic system, dominated by provate
    ownership of business, free market - seperation btw govt & business, busineess allowed to
    function w/o govt, salaries determined by supply and demand
Market - transactions occuring btw people & business
    laizze-faire ("let do") - pure capitalism, market totally independent, govt has no role --->
    state involvement - minimum wage, interest raets
Adam Smith (1723--1790) - father of capitalism, The Wealth of Nations - provides overview
    of freely functioning market, helps economy, against mercantilism- govt in competitive
    nature to get aas much as possible for nation state, forcing people to work produces wealth
    personal wealth increases total economy -- people will do good for society w/money, self-
    sustaining mechanism-reach natural economy equilibrium, profits generated -> inherently
    fair wages -> better working/living conditions -> buy more goods, classical liberal economist
    did not envision capitalism turning into greed, expected person check on wealth, in line w/
    John Locke, govt provide services (public wealth) that were not profitable privately
David Ricardo - Iron Law of Wages - get workers to produce all they can at lowest salary
    to increase profit, need profit to reinvest in firm (industry growth)
Herbert Spencer (19th/20th) - Doctrine of Social Darwinism - capitalism works because of
    "Survival of the Fittest," govt should not intervene
Problems w/Capitalism - 1. monopolies (collapes itself)    2. sense of fairness doesnt exist
    3. bigger social class gap    4. personal greed    5. to idealistic    6. lack of safety regulations
    7. doesnt account for boom & bust cycle

Socialism - "command economy" "Centrally Planned Economy"
1. public ownership of production - govt decides production
2. social welfare system - govt provides welfare, pension, education, "cradle to grave"
3. socialist intent - equality in distribuation
tries to correct problems in capitalism - planned economy more efficent economic
    equivalent of democracy
Babeuf - came up w/ socialism, abolish provate property, state run economy where everyone
    is equal, influenced Marx & Engles, masses need to be led, after death (1791)- broke into
    two groups -- humanitarian and scientific
Humanitarian Socialism - Utopian socialists, revisionists, fabians, focuses on human equality,
    demands people share in work, recieve equal fruits, people dont suffer if they can be
    provided for
    utopians- concerned w/poor, Robert Owen (profit sharing), critical of traditional institutions
    revisionists - Edward Bersteind (opposed to history w/o human choice), no abolishment of
        property, advocated democratic socialism - state run economy w/public transportation
    fabians- union movement, labor, rejects forced socialism, no vanguard of prolitariate,
        masses have to decide (labor party)
Scientific Socialism - objective laws governing behaving, economic determinism, dialectic,
    Orthodox Marx - to the letter, all or nothing
    Marxism - Leninism - adapted to Russia
    Africa Socialism - Nyerere in Tanzania - rejected idea of class stuggle, needed staages of
        history, put socialism into traditional struggle (expand family), no private land,
        self-reliance of communities
Problems w/Socialsim - 1. human nature    2. not starting equally    3. no motivation to
    work    4. no competition- no new products    5. buracracy    6. totalutarianism
    7. bringing people down not up    8. market not responsive to people's wants/needs

Mixed System - Welfare State - "Third Way"
addresses problems of socialism & capitalism, most govts in world are mixed
some state owned enterprises, some private business
states provide more services -> tend to have higher taxes
John Maynard Keynes (19th/20th) - intervention of govt in fiscal/monitary policies, spend
    money to get public spending rolling, deifict spending, free market cant recover by itself

DEMOCRACY:
- no one definition, core: people have right to chose who governs them (choose officials, &
    hold accountable for actions--legal limit on person's authority), protect individual rights
    & freedoms
-Classical Liberal Theorists
    Locke & Rousseau- social contract, popular soverenty, natural law, trying to create ideal
    theory, not put into practice
-Neo-Classical Liberal Theorists- tried to put Locke & Rousseau into practice, much less
    optimistic about human nature (natural law less looked at), didnt believe in egalitarianism/
    majortism, favored limiting participation by masses (representation), purpose of govt -
    maintain order
    Edmund Burke (1729-1797) - thought change should be slow, democracy process to
        deliberate, supported American Revolution - against unjust king, against French
        Revolution- radical revolution  causing problems, believed in elitist idea
    James Madison - Federalist Papers, representative deomcracy, fear of "Tyranny of
        Majority", make sure to make institution do what majority wants w/o violating minority
        rights, govt makes sure individual rights are protected, representatives based
        on geography
    Thomas Jefferson - glorified common person - capability to make decisions, govt is a
        product of people's will
-Three Core Ideas -
    1. Rule of Law - power of state limited by law, no one (not govt) above law, states govts
        need to spell out limits in formal documents to avoid discrimination & abuse
        (ex. Constitution, court documents)
    2. Inclusion- all rights & freedoms have to be the same for everyone, cannnot deny to any
        individual of group, rules cant leave out groups systematically (ex. Apartied)
    3. Equality- democratic rights should be given to people on same level, no barriers to
        participation (ex. poll tax, literacy)
        equity- fairness, give chance to ralize ambition (same opportunity)
        equality- everyone exactly the same
-Four Faces of Democracy-
    minimum variant- bare standard        maximum variant- most democractic
    1.) popular soverignty- people determine who/how governs, hold accountable
        (min)  representative democ-->--plebisitory-->--techno-->--direct democ (max)
        2 important keys-- participation (whos involved/how), accountability (remove person)
        a. representative democracy- people choose representative through election which must be
            1.) meaningful - for serious positions w/responsibility & power so people making law
                chosen by people
            2.) competitive- multiple candidates participating representing different ideas
            3.) must be free to vote for whom you want w/o repercutions
            4.) secret ballot
            5.) fair process for counting votes- not baised
            6.) frequent/regular intervals, insures accountability
            7.) inclusive- all adults above a certain age can participate
            8.) equality- "1 person, 1 vote,"
            contact representatives, join representatives, part of media, transparency, openess,
            information provided by govt must be truthful, media independent of govt, criticism
            allowed, most consistently represent idea of masses, elitist
        b. direct democracy- every person involved in every issue, accountability in everyone
            who participates, small city-states, small govt to implement
        c. plebisistory- more issues made by direct questions (referendum) but still have reps
        d. techno- brings more info to people thru technology, vote online, more people partic
    2.) rights & liberties-either write prohibited or protected
        a. minimum- freedom of speech, religion, from harrassment, property equal protection
            under law for everyone
        b. maximum- protect more rights, Bill of Rights
    3.) Democratic Values - ex. fairness, equal & equitable treatment, tolerance- respect for
        differences (protected by legislation), compromise- talk to resolve differnces, bargains,
        concessions, trust- behavior inspires confidence, peaceful resolution of international
        issues, rule of law, inclusion, equality
        a. minimum- rejects discrimination in public & private
        b. maximum- govt takes steps to insure equality
    4.) economic deomcracy- goals (wealth, liberty to persue) decided by public, favored most
        by newer democracies, laws w/respect to economic status
        a. minimum- laizze-faire- state not involved in decisions
        b. middle- welfare states, provide education, etc
        c. maximum- corporatism, work councils, partnerships, agencies
-Parliamentry System: govt elected in two stage process (prime minister, ministers, legistl)
    legislative- people choose members of parliament, then lower house selects members of
    govt, fusion of legislative & executive power, govt accountable to legislature, interpellation-
    question govt, legislature can make/unmake govt
    a. absolute majority- 50% + 1 vote, win, automatically form govt
    b. coalition- no absolute majority, 2 or more parties agree to share cabinet/govt positions,
        problem- requires constant bargaining, need party discipline-must vote along party
        lines (ex. Germany)
    c. parliamentry alliance- no majority, less stable than coalition, 2 or more parties agree not
        to share cabinet positions, but vote along same lines, largest party refuses to share
        positions, smaller parties promised something, need party discipline, difficult to
        maintain (ex. Britain 1974)
    d. minority govt- 1 or more parties form govt, enact legislatures, but do not have near
        majority, other parties abstain from voting  against govt, constant bargaining, smaller
        parties agree on certain issues (legislative majority), because cant agree to make
        coalition (ex. Weinmar Republic)
    anticipated/snap elections- prime minister can call for election before statutory limit on
        election, to increase parties vote based on popularity or public outcry if something
        goes wrong or because no govt can be formed
    Advantages of system:
        1.) expands representation of diff parties within executive
        2.) no one party can monopolize legislative system (opposition can challenge)
        3.) possible to make & unmake govt (flexible & adaptive)
    Disadvantages of system:
        1.) too many parties makes legislation very difficult (constant bargaining)
        2.) small parties have more power than electoral turnout warrents
        3.) abuse of make & unmake govt (no stability or accomplishment)
 -Presidential System
    seperation of powers ("checks & balances")
    -federal system- authority shared by national & state govts
    -national level- executive (pres), legislative (congress), judiciary (supreme court)
        -want to mix elite & masses in power
        -no branch gets to much power
        -separate elections (congress- directly, pres- electoral college)
    -to pass legislation: congress introduces/passes, president can veto, 2/3 congress vote
        over turns veto, supreme court-judicial review, determine constitutionality, can be
        overturned
    Advantages of system:
    1.) distribution of power
    2.) staggard terms - continuity- stability
    3.) "checks & balances"
    4.) maximum deliberations on any given issue (prevent legislation from passing too quick
    Disadvantages of system:
    1.) too slow - prevent anything from passing
    2.) continuous terms
    3.) grid lock- members of congress & pres of diff parties, not much passes ("divided govt")
-Mixed System
    -ex. Russia & France
    -both pres(w/decision power) & prime minister (two executives)
    - to alleviate problems of both systems
    - lots of power to pres, try to avoid long debate, to maximize efficiency
    -avoid abuse of power (legislature selects PM)
    -on paper powers arent necessarily in practice
    Advantages of system:
    1.) medium btw legislature & executive
    2.) mximize representation
    3.) stability doesnt depend only on legislature, outside executive
-Elections
    -diff ways of counting votes
    -for presidents-
        -Direct election- votes from polls, most votes wins
            -two round system- vote candidate of choice,, top 2 go to 2nd round, go to polls again,
            most votes wins, augment popular support of chosen leaders (no challenge to
            legitamacy, ex. Russia, France, Uraguay, Peru, Chile
        -Electoral College- indirect system of voting for pres
            -each state has certain # of electors (totall of reps/senators), people vote for electors,
            48 of 50 states-popular winners gets electoral vote, congress tallies vote & certifies
            pres, "faithless electors"-vote outside party affiliation, disadvantages-larger states
            have more power
    -for representatives-
        -Single Member Districts (SMD)
            -ex. US/Britain, each country divided into ddistricts for each legislative body, one person
            elected for each district, Advantage- identify rep, geographical tie (keeps interests),
            disadvantages- local level % doesnt equal national % (seats not fair), tens to punish
            small parties (need large national campaign) leeds to 2 party system,, most votes wins
            (simple plurality, 1st past post, majority wins)
        -Proportional Representation (PR)
            - % vote party recieves = % seats in legislaature, requires multimember districts or no
            districts, may not be voting for candidate, party leadership decides who fills positions
            ("party list system"), to insure fairness/more democratic (more view pts win), hurdle-
            minimum % required to win seat, make sure limit to # parties, women/minority reps
            win positions easier, disadvantages- low hurdle leads to many parties, complicated
            govt, gridlock in passing legislation, more impersonal (voting for party not candidates)
            parties more identifyable by party issues
        some countries use SMD & PR (ex. Germany)
        Duverger-examine party system & electoral system----- SMD 2 parties,, PR many parties

GREAT BRITAIN:
October 2, 200 - Great Britain wrote "written constitution" - Bill of Rights
Unitary system- 1 central govt (no state govts - no power sharing)
Magna Carta 12150 1st limit to monach power
1265- 1st parliament convened
1688-1689 Glorius Revolution- parliamentary supremacy established (social contract w/people)
1800s- Enclosure movement- divided up common property- established private property,
    Church began to loose power, sell off land
parliamentary system~
    -Prime minister (1st among equals) & Ministers (cabinet) - executive branch
        -usually 2 dozen ministers
        -respnsible for  formulating policies to be presented to parliament (collective responsibility)
        -make/ratify major party decisions
        -arbitrating btw & coordinating w/ diff parts of govt
        -ministers must have 1st been part of legislature (b/c fusion of powers)
        -prime minister- influence party, take votes, determine when vote held
    -Legislature- debate, amend, vote on policy
        -committees- made mostly of party supporters
        -House of Commons (lower)- 659  members, primary power, primary debate
            -pass laws     &nbssp;  -provide finance (authorize taxation)
            -review/scrutinize public policy (administraation)
            -minority challenges govt (question & annswer session)
            -backbenchers- not part of govt or reg partyy leaders
            - shadow govt- opposition party has person ccounterpart to each member
            -mostly vote party line
            -SMD system, candidate names appear on balloot/must be appoved by party
                1.) need to be accountable to party
                2.) state funds campaign, no private money can be used over time
                3.) individual candidates can only spend $10,000
        -House of Lords (upper)- unellected, hereditary, appointed by crown, law lord-to
            assist in judicial matters (peer members), 1200 members
            -delay legislation for up to a year (usuallyy rubber stamp), financial- 1 month,
            -final court of appeal in civil/criminal casses for UK
monarchy~ no legal powers, purely ceremonial & symbolic, queen "appoints" PM
    -head of Anglican (state) church
judiciary branch~no judicial review determine if law violates another law, not called to
    settle controversial issues, separate courts but not real power
mostly 2 party system- Labor Party & Conservative Party
    ~Labor Party- from socialist movement (unions) @ beginning of 20th century, unions
        should have say, represent labor & disadvantages
        1997- Labor crushed conservatives in election
    ~Conservative Party- dominant 1979-1997, Margret Thatcher (1979-1990), John Major
        (1990-1997), origins- "Tory"- supported monarchy, aristorcarcy, religious hierarchy,
        low taxes, less govt involvem