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  Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Body
  1. Anatomy-study of structures
  2. Physiology-study of function
  3. division of labor and specialization occurs
     a. bad-one thing can't do job of another
     b. good- one thing does it better than other
  4. Levels of Organization
     1. atom
     2. chemicals (molecules)-hydroxyapatite(bones made of), H20, and protein
     3. cell
     4. tissue
     5. organ
     6. system
     7. organism
  5. life processes
     1. metabolism-all processes with food & energy
         1. catabolism-tearing down
         2. anabolism-building
     2. responsiveness-ability to detect and respond to internal & external stimulus
     3. movement-whole, part, cell
     4. growth-size, complexity
     5. differentiation-division of labor, cell specialization
     6. reproduction-maintaining species
  6. homeostasis-dinamic equilibrium
     1. altering factors
         1. disease/infection           5. O2/altitude
         2. exertion                    6. electrolyte imbalance
         3. temp H/C                   7. stress
         4. poison
     2. nervous & endocrine system affect homestasis
  7. Feedback Systems (Loops)
     1. 3 parts
         1. control center (brain)-sets parameters, checks, alters conditions
         2. receptors-recieve stimuli & tells brain when parameters have changed
         3. effectors-recieve stimuli from control center, help return to normal
     2. Negative Feedback(good)-return deviations from norm to original
         stimulus->receptors send input->control center sends output->effectors->response
     3. Positive Feedback(bad)-increases deviation from norm (bad->worse)
         1. only positive is childbirth
  8. Disease and Homestasis
     1. localized or systematic
  9. Planes-imaginary surfaces to cut the body into
               used to explain where things are & relations to other things
     1. sagital-divides into right & left unequal planes
     2. midsagital-divides into equal right& left planes
     3. transverse-superior and inferior planes
     4. frontal-ventral & dorsal planes
     5. oblique-angular planes
  10. Body Cavities
     1. dorsal-brain and spinal cord
     2. ventral
         1. thoracic-2 pleural cavities(containing lungs), mediastinum(heart), thymus gland,
                      great vessels (aorta, veina cava)
         2. abdominopelvic
             1. abdominal-liver,gallbladder,stomach,spleen,pancreas,small intestine,part large
             2. pelvic-urinary bladder, internal reproductive, part of large intestine
 

  Chapter 3:The Cellular Level of Organization
  Cell-cell(plasma) membrane, cytosol, organelles, inclusions
  cell membrane-50% protein, 50%lipid
      50%lipid:75% phosophlipid->amphapathic, bilayer
                      outside->(head),polar,hydrophilic (attracts H20)
                      inside->(tail), non-polar, hydrophobic (fears H20)
                 5% glycolipid-cell glue (holds together), cell communication
                 20% cholesterol-white substance, cottage cheese consistency
                       LDL-low density lipoprotein-bad 1:3 ration
                       HDL-high density lipoprotien-good 3:1 ratio
                       adds strength, but reduces flexibility of plasma membrane
      50%protein:integral protein(go through plasma membrane)
                       1. produces channels-help substances enter & exit membrane
                       2. transporters-carry things through membrane
                       3. receptor sites-get things to attatch to membrane
                              1.neurotransmiters-causes body to do something
                              2.hormones-regulate body functions
                              3.nutrients
                 peripheral proteins-enymes (mostly all)->majority of protein->catalysts
    Electrochemical Gradient:electrical & chemical diff inside & outside cell
            extracellular fluid--Na+ cation, Cl- anion
            cytosol-K+ cation, (PO4)-3 anion for ATP, Neg Amino acids
            voltage difference inside & outside of cell=more neg outside, pos inside
       permeable-anything can pass through
    semi-permeable-choose what goes in & out (cell)
             passive processes-no outside energy is utilized
             diffusion-higher to lower concentration, stops equilibrium
               osmosis-diffusion of H20 through plasma membrane
             active processes-energy utlized
       regulate movement-size, must be lipid soluble, transporters, channels, charge
       Tonicity: solute-usually solid that dissolves in H2O
             solvent-usually liquid that dissolves solute
            isotonic-concentration H2O & ions equal in & out of cell (no net movement)
            hypotonic-lower solute, more solvent, more moving in (bursts)
               hypertonic-higher solute, lower solvent(H2O), more moving out (shrinks)
    Filtration: ex. Kidney-waste eliminated, useful separated out & recycled
         1.by gravity-heavy parts settle out
         2. by hydrostatic pressure-H2O exerts pressure, push out of blood into kidney
    Facilitated Diffusion: using transporter to carry through plama membrane
         if too big, lipid insoluable, glucose (most important) transported by integral proteins
     Active Process:requires energy(ATP) to get substance through plasma membrane
         primary active process:sodium pump-eliminates sodium, keep potassium in
         secondary active process:1.symport-Na & something else going in same direction (in)
                                    2.antiport-Na in draws Ca out (bad-need calcium)
    ***Clinical Application:digitalis-loxin, heart failure patients, decreases NA gradient,
         keeps in Ca,increases force of heart beat, extracted from Fox-Glove plant (N.Amer)
    Bulk Transport:get large things into cell
     Exocytosis-carrying stuff out->vessicle
    Endocytosis-carrying stuff in: 1.phagocytosis-pseudopods, invagination(infolding)
                                      2.pinocytosis-forms depression, collapses in around it
    ***Clinical Application:liposomes-phospholipid sac containing drugs, releases slowly
         balanced level in blood, evens tocicity, pataches, aerosols, creams
  Cytosol:sol (liqid)->gel (viscous-thicker)
     emulsion-supension of liquid in liquid     colloid-suspension of solid in liquid
     cell=colloidal emulsion-solids & liquids in liquid (H2O)->universal solvent
     75-90%- H2O
     10-25%-lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, inorganics
         some H2O soluable->fundamental-Glucose, Amino Acids
         nonH2O soluable->polysaccrides,complex carbohydrates,protein,lipid,glycogen(liver)
     cellular respiration-"E"-ATP,process of making glucose into ATP
         glycolisis, Kreb's Cycle, H+ transport/cytochrom system(most ATP)=55%efficient
  Organelles:
    prokaryotic-no organized nucleus,organelles
    eukaryotic-have membrane bound organelles, structures doing specific things,efficient
    nucleus-brain of cell, control center,responsible for production of everything, cell
             does not exist otherwise, covered by nuclear envelope (membrane), has nuclear
            pores(permits substances &mRNA to enter/exit), holds nucleolus,chromosomes
    nucleolus-very denst protein, DNA & RNA, producese ribosomes,rRNA
    **tRNAtranslation, mRNA=transcription, rRNA=bind mRNA to ribosome**
    chromosome-thread like hereditory carrying bodies (3 ft DNA), made of chromatin
    chromatin-DNA + protein (histone-causes double helix shape)
     chromatid- 1/2 chromosome
    centromere-holds chromatids together
    ribosome-protein factory, works in groups(polysomes-makes more), produced in nucleolus
         1.free ribosomes-not attatched to ER, intracellular proteins produced
         2.ER ribosomes-produces intercellular proteins, and those used by plasma membrane
    endoplasmic reticulum-"highways sytem," membrane bound channels (cisterns)
         1. rough ER-ribosomes attatched
         2. smooth ER-produces steroids, phospholipids, fatty acids, detoxifies ethanol,
                       pesticides, carcinogens
    Gogi Complex(Body,Apparatus)-in animal cells only, made of cisterns, sorts,packages,and
         delivers proteins & lipids to plasma membrane packaged in vessicles
    Lysosomes-suicide sac, membrane bound, produce enzymes(degrade protein),
                 autophagy-recycling, nutrients reused
    **Clinical Application-Autolysis-programmed destruction of cells**
    peroxisomes-contain enzymes to break down proteins, oxidizer-removes hydogen by
         combining & turning into water which is expelled,breakls down-formic acid(fire ants),
         alcohol, phenol, formaldehyde, blood toxins
    mitochondria-powerhouse of cell,forms energy(ATP),folds-cristae(increase surface area)
     cytoskeleton-made of microfilaments,microtubules,intermediate filaments
       microfilaments-made of actin (thin), myosin (thick)<-protein, psuedopods, contract..
       microtubules-made of tubulin-protein, thin cylinders, form parts of cell
             cillia,spindle fibers
       intermediate fibers-made of protein, helps give cell shape
     centrisome-dense body close to nucleus, contains centrioles(54 filaments)
         centriole-inside centrisome(27 filaments), produces miotic apparatus
  Cell Inclusion:
     1. no membrane
     2. mostly organic
     3. some have definate shape
     ex. melanin-pigment in skin, protects chromosomes from UV light (mutagen)melanocytes
     ex. glycogen-polysacchride, store energy, stored in liver,skeletel muscle, usterus, vagina
     ex. triclycerides-color&consistency of corn syrup, combines with fatty acids
  Gene Action:
     DNA-double helix of nitrogenous bases encoding genetic information
     RNA polymerase-catalyzes transcription (mRNA)
     mRNA-copy made by transcription,carries opp nucleotides, goes to ribosomes
     sense strand-strand serving as mRNA templete
     nonsense strand-not transcribed, complement to sense strand
     intron-part of DNA not coding for protein, located between exons
     exons-regions of DNA coding for protein
     processed mRNA-nRNA which has introns removed & exons rejoined
     transcription- process of genetic info of DNA copied to strand of mRNA
     nuclear pore-hole in nuclear membrane through which mRNA leaves
     ribosome-protein factory of cell w/two subunits
     polysome/polyribsome-line of ribosome funtion together as a unit
     rRNA-sythesized by DNA, makes up ribosome w/ribosomal protein
     complimentary-DNA comp to mRNA comp to tRNA (DNA & mRNA same-uracil)
     codon-3 nucleotides, specifies amino acid
     tRNA-binds to one of 20 amino acids, brings it to ribosomes
     start codon-sequence where translation will begin
     stop codon-sequence where translation will end
     translation-process where nucleotide sequence info froom mRNA specifies amino acids
     peptide bond-bond between two amino acids in protein
     polypeptide chain/protein-chain of amino acid
  Cell Division:
     Interphase-no active cell division occuring
         G1-cell grows to maturity
         S-DNA replication occurs (chromosomes copy)
         G2-organelles increase in number
     Mitosis-ongoing process from birth to death, cell division, binary fission
         prophase-nuclear membrane disappears,nucleolus disappears, cytoplasm goes from sol
                    to gel, mytotic apparatus forms(spindle fibers, aster, traction fibers)
                     centriole splits-halves go to poles, chromosome become short,fat,distinct
         metaphase-chromosomes lined up on equator, centromere (hook) splits
         anaphase-spindle fibers shorten pulling chromosomes to polls
         telophase-division of cytoplasm(cytokinesis), animal cell starts pinching off(clevage
                     furrow), rest is opposite of prophase
     Meiosis (Gametogensis):
         female:oogenesis, formation of ovum(egg)
             1.generalized ovarian cell (2N)-oogonial cell
             2.undergoes replication(4N)-primary oocyte
             3.divides into 2 (nuclear division=,cytoplasm not)-1st polar body,secondary oocyte
             4.secondary oocyte divides into 2 (nuc =,cyt not)-2nd polar body, ootid
             5.ootid matures into ovum (produces coverings around self)
         male:spermatogenesis, formation of sperm
             1.generalized testis cell (2N)-spermatagonial cell
             2.undergoes replication(4N)-primary spermatocyte
             3.divides into 2 (nuclear division=,cytoplasm =)-secondary spermatocytes
             4.secondary spermatocyte divides into 2 (nuc =,cyt =)-spermatid
             5.spermatid matures into sperm
                 acromsome-contains enzymes, penetrates egg covering
                 head-chromosomes
                 neck-contains cytoplasm for energy
                 tail-propel through female reproductive tract
  Abnormal Cell Division:
     malignant tumor-spreads
     beign tumor-stays where it is
     tumor caused by hyperplasia-excessively rapid cell division
     metastasis-little bits of tumor break off and spread
     causes of it: carcinogens-chemical/environmental agents
 

  Chapter 4: Tissues
  Tissue-group of cells with similar function
  Histology-study of tissues
  Biopsy-little tissue removed, sent to pathologist to see what was wrong

  Three Embryionic Layers-ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm->make all of tissues

  Four Types of Tissues:
  1.) Epithelial Tissue-lines cavities, covers outside & organs, produces glands
  2.) Connective Tissue-connects, binds, covers, protects (ex. tendon, skeleton, fat)
  3.) Muscle Tissue-work,produces force,movement(ex.digestive system,pupil dilate)
                     1.)smooth    2.)skeletal    3.)cardiac
  4.) Nervous Tissue-recieve, interpret, and send impulses
  Extracellular Fluid-any body fluid outside of cell
     1.) interstitial fluid-between Plasma Membranes of cells
     2.) plasma-majority of extracellular fluid, lquid portion of blood
  Cell Junctions: how one cell joins another cell (plasma membranes)
     1.) tight junctions-little or no space betweem plasma membranes, little or no leakage
     2.) anchoring juctions-
             a.) adherens junctions-microfilaments of cytoskeleton-sew cells together
             b.) desmosomes-spot welds-hold cells together at selective spots (2 sides)
             c.) hemidesmosomes-same as desmosome but 1 side of cell
     3.) communicating junctions-almost entirely nervous tissue
             a.) space between nerves--gaps-->gap junctions
             b.) tibes between spaces made of protein
             c.) chemical bridges gap-->broken down stops gap bridge
  Epithelial Tissue: tight junctions, cells tightly packed together, forms sheets, avascular-no
     blood vessels, two sides: apical (to outside), basal (toward connective tissue underneath)
     rich in nerve, originates from all three germ layers, high regeneration rate
    Covering and Lining Epithelium:
         Arrangements:
             1.) simple: once cell thick, not very strong, can't take abuse,
                         function-filtration & absorbtion (ex. kidney & intestine)
             2.) stratified: many cells thick, can take abuse (ex. skin)
             3.) psuedostratified: appears stratified, only one cell thick because some cells
                         haven't migrated to surface giving stratified appearance
         Cell Shapes:
             1.) squamous-flat, scally-like cells
             2.) cuboidal- L=W (ex. liver cells)
             3.) columnar- L>W (ex. stomach lining)
             4.) transitional- changes shape
         Classification of Cell Types:
             1.) simple a.) squamous- ex. inner lining of heart(endocarditis), endothelium-
                     (blood vessel,capillaries,lymphatic vessel),mesothelium,serous membrane
             1.) simple b.) cuboidal-secretive(enzyme,persperation,mucus),absorbtion(ex.intest)
             1.) simple c.) columnar- 1.)nonciliated-no cillia(ex.stomach->anus,gallblader)
                    2.)cilliated-cillia (ex.respritory tract,central canal-spinal,fallopian tubules)
             1.) stratified a.) squamous- rapid regeneration(basal side), cells die & dry out
                     as moving outward->producing keratin(protective,water proof)
                     1.) keratinized-contain more keratin (ex.skin)
                     2.) nonkeratinized-(ex. tongue, epiglottis, mouth, vagina)
             2.) stratified b.) cuboidal-uncommon(ex.male urethra,sweat glands,ducts glands)
             2.) stratified c.) columnar-rare,secretive&protective(ex.male urethra,ducts of
                     glands, lines anal area, conjuctiva-covering of whites of eye)
             2.) stratified d.) transitional- two shapes 1.)cuboidal-relaxed
                     2.)squamous-stretched (ex. urinary bladder)
             3.) pseudostratified-(ex. male urethra,eustachian tube-ear pressure equalizer)
    Glandular Epithelium: one or many cells
         Types:
             1.) exocrine-have ducts(ex.sweat gland,gobblet cell,oil gland,milk gland,
                     digestive enzyme, milk gland, ear wax)
             2.) endocrine-ductless gland(ex.pitutary,thyroid,thymus,pineal,adrenal,pancreas)
         Functional Classification of Exocrine Glands:
             1.) holocrine gland-secretions are released from a cell when the cell dies (ex.oil)
             2.) merocrine gland-secretions released in vesicle w/cell not damaged (ex.salivary)
             3.) apocrine glands-secretions trapped in cell part that pinches off and is
                     released, cell rebuilds itself, not killed (ex.mammary gland)
  Matrix:
     Ground Substances: found between cells of connective tissues, made of protein
                           and polysaccride(chemicals:proteoglycan,glycoamin oglyan)
     Examples:
         1. Hyaluronic Acid-slippery,viscous substance, helps bind cells together, acts as
                 joint lubricant, helps to maintain shaoe of eyeball,help WBC go to infection
         2. Chondroitin Sulfate-found to rebuild cartilage,found in cartilage,bone,skin,BV,
                 jelly-like, not viscous, supportive & causes cells to adhere
         3. Dermatin Sulfate-found in skin,tendons,Blood Vessels, heart valves
         4. Keratin Sulfate-found in bone cartilage, cornea
  Connective Tissue: cells rarely tough, embedded in matrix, rich in nerves&blood cells
                     except cartilage, never on free surfaces->inside or covering something
                     except joint ends, originates from embryonic mesoderm
  ***Suffix-"Blast"-yound cell building cell(making or rebuilding)
             "Cyte"-old cell-maintain tissue (no building going on)
    Connective Tissue Types:
         1. fibroblasts-cells that produce the matrix
         2. macrophages-(histiocytes) are produced from monocytes (type of WBC)
         3. adipocytes-cells that store adipose tissue or fat
         4. plasma cells-small produced from "B" lymphocytes, produce immunity to diseases
             produces antibodies,most found in GI tract & brest milk
         5. leucocytes-WBC->engulf(phagocytosis)
         6. mast cells- found in White Blood Cells, produce histamines(function:vasodilators
             when infection or dilate blood vessels to get more blood to infected area
             produce very poor heparin-anticoagulent asprin
     Embryonic Connective Tissue: arises early in life
         zygote->embryo (0-2mths)->fetus (3mths-birth)
         1. mesenchyme-embryonic connective tissue found only in embryo stage
         2. Wharton's Jelly-star shaped cells,mucus connective tissue-persistant through life
     Mature Connective Tissue:
         1.Loose Connective Tissue:lots of cells, contains fibers forming loose network
             a.)Areolar-most common,contains all cell types(6 types),contains all fiber types
                 (3 kinds), and 4of6 ground substances, viscous CT because of it medicine
                 doesn' get dispersed easily within it or through it
  **hyaluronidase-enzymes makes viscous CT watery to allow substance to pass easily,
         produced by white blood cells, sperm**
  **Marfan's Disease-overproduction of CT, usually tall,overly long arms,fingers,toes, lower
         body out of proportion in length w/torso, weak aorta & heart valves**
             b.) Adipose tissue-stores energy,mechanical protection,insulation,support
                 1.)white-found in adults,1 vacuole in adipocyte(ex.between shoulder blades,
                     mediastinum area,around kidney)
                 2.)brown-infants,lots of small vacuoles, get a lot of energy a lot quicker,
                     lots of blood vessels, lot of mitochondria, chytochrome pigments,
                     thermoregulation (heat regulation)
             c.)reticular CT-connects smooth muscle cells together, forms organ skeleton
         2. Dense Connective Tissue:fewer cells,better defined patterns (better organized)
             a.) regular-lots of parallel fibers, provide great unidirectional strength
                 (ex.tendons,ligaments,aponeurosis,attatches two muscles together)
             b.) irregular-collagen fibers are not as well defined as in regular, fibers are
                 multidirectional (ex. skin, heart valves, peristium, perichondrium)
             c.) elastic-contains lots of elastic fibers, multibranched, expand & contract in
                 multiple directions for long periods of time (ex.repritory syst,circulatory sys)
         3. Cartilage: able to take stress, well defined network of collagen fibers
                         interspersed w/elastic fibers(in Chondroitin Sulfate), very little made
                         after reaching childhood, chrondroblasts-produce matrix(trapped in
                         lacuna-spaces in matrix) become chondrocytes(mature-maintance),
                         no nerves or blood vessels except in perichondrium(outer cover)
      types: a.)hyaline-most common,blueish-white,gives some support, main function-flexible
                         (ex.bone ends,connects ribs to sternum,nose,trachii,bronhii,embr.skel)
             b.)fibrocartilage-toughest,support,fuses things together (ex.intervertebral disks,
                         pubis symphysis, medial & lateral menisci)
             c.)elastic-contains elastic fibers(ex.ustachian tube,epiglotis,pinna of ear)
     growth:a.)interstitial-occurs in children&adolescents,begins at inside,works outward
             b.)appositional-occurs under perichrondrium(on outside), occurs in adults
         4. Bone Tissue: rigid,made of 2  mineral salts CaCO3 & Ca3(PO4)2
      types:a.)dense/compact bone-made of units(haversian/osteion), made of lamella
                         (concentric circles of osteon-rings of mature bone), little spaces
                         where cells are-lucunae,canaliculi-lateral channels,(ex. long bones)
             b.)spongy/cancellous-doesn't have osteons,looks like swiss cheese(lots of holes),
                         most blood cells formed, no bone chamber w/marrow, trabeculae-
                         lace work(small spaces-red marrow)(ex.ends of long bone,flatbones)
         5. Blood(Vascular Tissue)
             a.) plasma-liquid part of blood
             b.) erythrocytes-RBC,manufactured in bone marrow(have nucleus),exit(no nucleus)
                         does not stain, looks like doughnut from top,barbell from side
             c.) leucocytes-WBC, 5 types(different by shape of nucleus&cell contents)
                         lot less than red
             d.) thrombocytes-platelets, smallest of all blood cells, function-to clot blood
  Membranes:
     Epithelial Membranes:made of epithelial tissue & underlying connective tissue
         1. mucus membrane-line parts of body that open to outside world, function-protect
                     from pathogens, tight junctions, (ex.respri,digest,reproduc,urinary syst)
         2. serous membrane-lines cavities not opening to outside world,covers organs,
                     produces serous fluid(lubricate-reduce friction of moving things)
             a.) parietal-lines inner cavities
             b.) visceral-covers organs
         3. synovial membrane-lines high stress joints, produces synovial fluid-reduces friction
                     produced in Bursae sacs,(ex.fingers,toes,shoulder)
  Muscle Tissue:
         1. skeletal(striated,voluntary)-large multinucleated cells, controled, parallel fibers
         2. smooth(involuntary)-no concious control,cells spindle shaped,1 nucleus,parallel fib
         3. cardiac(striated involuntary)-netwok of fibers, sideways attatchment of cells by
                    intercalcated disks,autorhythmic-out of concious control, expand all direc
  Nervous Tissue:
         1. nerve cells->neurons, cell body-contains nucleus,dendrites-branched,axon-no bran
         2. function-receive, send, process stimulus
        3. other nerve cell-> neuroglia (produce chemicals-neurotransmiters)
  Tissue Repair:
         1. stem cells-undifferentiated cells that can become anything in anybody
         2. scab-dead cells, fibrinogen
         3. scar tissue-not same as tissue it replaced, produced by fibrosis,
                     adhesions-build up of abnormal scar tissue
  Vitamins: watersoluble (Vitamin C), oil soluable (Vitamin E)
 

  Chapter 5: Integumentary System (ex. skin,nails,hair,senasation,sweat glands)
  A. Skin Colors tell things about Health
     1. red-excessive heat,alcohol,emotions,allergies,carbon monoxide
     2. ashen(pale)-shock,frostbite,anemia
     3. yellow-jaundice
  B. Functions of Skin
     1. thermal regulation (hot-perspire)
     2. excretion (eliminate excess)
     3. protection from UV rays, mechanical protection
     4. sensation
     5. works as part of immune system
     6. 8-10% of blood stored
     7. production of vitamin D (1 hr sunlight per week)
  C. Amount of Skin
     1. 4.5-5 kilos of skin(11lbs)
     2. 2 sq meters of skin
     3. .5-4mm thick
  D. 3 parts of skin
     1. epidermis
     2. dermis
     3. subcutaneus layer(superficial fascia,hypodermis)-made of areolar CT, fat
  E. Epidermis
     1. stratified squamous epithlium
     2. four types of cells
         a. keratinized-90%, produce keratin(waterproof,protective substance), have a lot of
                         desmosomes(tightly attatch cells to each other)
         b. melanocytes-8%, produce melanin (transfered to keratinocytes for storage and
                         use-protect DNA from UV rays)
         c. Langerhans cell-produced in bone marrow,migrate to skin,help Tcells w/immunity
         d. Merkelcell-contain merkel disks, responsible for sensation
     3. callus-thickening of dead epidermis, originate from areas of stress & friction
     4. 5 layers of epidermis
         a. stratum basale-base layer,inner most,produces all new growth,one cell thick,
                             priduces some inward growth(ex.sweat gland,oil gland,hair)
                             looks cuboidal or columnar
         b. stratum spinosum-multisided appearance, 8-10 layers, spiny, very tightly packed
                             starting to collect melanin
         c. stratum granulosum- 3-5 layers thick, cell starting to die(structures breakdown)
                             keratohyalan produced(prescursor to keratin)
         d. stratum lucidum- 3-5 cell layers thick, cells are clear,flat,dead,only in areas
                             w/padding (ex. palms & soles)
         e. stratum corneum-25-30 cells thick, cells completely dead, shed continually,
                             replaced by cells underneath, contain lots of keratin,melanin
     5. keratinization-production of keratin increases as cells move outward
     6. Epidermal Growth Factor(EGF)-skin growth hormone
  F. Dermis-2nd(middle)layer, lot of collagen&elastic fibers, 3 types of cells(fibroblasts,
             macrophages, adipocytes), thicker on soles&palms, thinnest on eyelids,penis
             scrotum, rest uniform&equal, rich in blood vessels,nerves,glands,hair follicles,
             thicker on dorsal than ventral, two regions
     1.papilary region-outermost region,areolar CT,dermail papillae(ridges on surface), free
             nerve endings,corpuscles of touch-sensative to touch
     2.reticular region-inner region,much thicker,dense irregular CT,collagen&elastic fibers,
             adapost tissure,sweat glands ducts,oil glands,hair follicles,nerves,temp sensation
     3.striae-stretch marks,extend to far...tear in dermis
  **extensability-ability to stretch
  **elasticity-ability to stretch & return
  G. Hypodermis(Superficial fascia,subcutaneous layer)-attatch dermis to muscle/bone,
             Pacinian corpuscles-touch receptors
  H. Skin Color-
     1. melanin-produced by melanocyte,concentrated in melanosome,found in mucus linings,
             areola,penis,face,extremities, amino acid--tyrosine+enzyme--tyrosinase(amt
             determines color),albino-no tyrosinase produced by body,freckles-clusters of
             melanin filled cells,liver spots-freckles on hands(age), vitiligo-no pigment on part
             of body, cells in that area damaged easily by UV rays
     2. carotene-yellow,orange pigment,precursor to vitamin A(vision),asians-lot in strat corne
     3. hemoglobin-red pigment,brought to surface during blush,1 atom or iron-causes color,
  I. Epidermal Ridges-fingers,palms,toes,soles,ridges have holes for sweat glands,finger prints
  J. Hair-pilli,helps hermoregulation,protects from UV rays, sensative, lose 70-100 a day,
             replaced-slowed by age,chemotherapy treatments,diet deficiancies,blood loss,
             surgery,stress, made of keratinized cells,dead,distinctive,has DNA
     1. anatomy of hair--
         a. shaft-above skin        root-below skin
         b. layers-medulla-inner layer, 2-3 rows polyhedral cells,airspaces contain pigments
                    cortex-middle layer,made of elongated cells,contains pigments
                    cuticle-ouside, 1 cell thick, lots of keratin, cells overlap going upward
         c. follicle-contains two layers--external root sheat(epidermal-strat basale), internal
             root sheat(cellular, between external root sheat and hair)
         d. bulb-two parts--papillae of hair(blood vessels,melanocytes,areolarCT), matrix-
            (right super fiscial, germinal tissue-new growth)
         e. hair root plexus-nerve network
         f. arrector pilli muscle-smooth,involuntary muscles,help hair stand erect
     2. Color of Hair
         a. melanin-found in medula & cortex (amt determines color)
         b. gray-less melanin (tyrosinase-age lowers production)
         c. white-no pigment(only air in spaces)
         d. red/blond-modified melanin w/more iron & sulfur
  K. Glands-3 types
     1. subaceous(oil)gland-connect to hair follicles,some release to skin,lips,eyelids,glans
             penis,labia menora, none on palms,soles, size varies-small(extremities,trunk)
             large(face,neck,brests,upper chest),sebum-oil secretion produced(contains fat,
             cholestorol,protein,inorganic salts),pimples/boils/blackheads-blocked glands
     2.suderiferous(sweat)gland-empty on skin surface,two kinds--eccrine(most common,
             found everywhere except eardrum,glans penis,glans scultorus,labia menora, most
             on soles&palms), apocrine(found in pubic region,under armpit,areola surrounding
             nipple, more viscous sweat produced in times of stress/sexual excitement)
             sweat-water,urea,uric acid,lactic acid,NaCl,salts,amino acids,ammonia,sugar
     3. Ceruminous gland-waxy secretion cerumin(oils&waxes),to protect from pathogens,
             found on entire surface of external auditory meatus(bony channel)
  L. Nails-made out of highly keratinized cells,tightly packed,color-tells health, 1mm per wk.
     1. nail body-broad expanded part of nail-majority
     2. free edge-beyond fingers,toes
     3. nail root-under skin, produces new growth
     4. lunula-half moon(white)-no vascularization there, thick stratum basale
     5. epinychium-cuticle,made of stratum corneum,protects newly formed nail
     6. matrix-germinal tissue, produces new growth (fingers > toes, long fing > short fing)
  M. Wound Healing & Homestasis
     --abrasion-1st or 2nd degree burn
         -cells push upward to relpace lost cells
     --deep wound-through dermis
         -cells of strat.basale break free of basement membrane, move to wound&grow inward
           to touch(contact inhibition stops), push upward to replace lost cells, 4 steps
          1. inflammatory phase-bleed(good-platlets clot, bad-pathogens)
           2. migratory phase-clot turns to scab,lateral migration, collage produced by
             unorganized fibroblasts, blood vessel repair
           3. proliferative phase-repid epidermal cell division under scab
           4. maturation phase-collagen organizes, tissues specialize, scab falls off
     --scar tissue formation-Fibrosis-replacing regular tissue w/scar tissue
         -not functioning tissue,dependent on what kind of tissue produces repair,
          &nbs