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Ancient Greece (500BC-146AD)
I. Geography
          A. was a Penninsula (surrounded by water on three sides)
                    1. seafaring people-became cosmopolitan (took best from surrounding socities)
                    2. mountainous-promoted ethnocentricity, made cooperation difficult
                    3. colonizers--opportunity (seafaring) and neccessity (land for food production)
          B. Athens and Sparta
                    Sparta-
                              dominated Pelopnnesius of Greece
                              most work done by healots (slaves), more healots than free people
                              goal of education: obediant citizen (state over individual),
                              only boys educated-placed in military camps (age 6-18), "spartan existence"-no frills in
                                        life, citizenship based on military service, "return with your sheild or on it"
                              travel discouraged
                              marriage and child production is duty
                              oligarchy-rule by rich families
                              eventually head of Peloponnedian League (Confederation-group of states who give some
                                        power to weak central govt
                    Athens-
                              goal of education: questioning citizen (individual over state)
                              boys educated by several teachers (not taken from their loving families)
                                        1. academeican-philospher, philos(lover)sophos(wisdom), used Socratic method-
                                                  teach by questioning
                                        2. pedagogue-reviewer for student, slave of student
                                        3. olypic hero-taught sports
                              government-educated are part of government, 501 citizen jurors-make law, hear cases
                                        (peope taught public speaking for this), board of 10 generals-advised assembly on
                                        military and financial matters
II. War with Persia (999BC-989BC)
          A. Causes
                    1. Long Range Causes- Persia and Greece trade rivalries
                    2. Short Range Causes-Greek colony Ionia(chief city--Miletus) crushed by Perisans (Greeks next)
          B. Battles
                    1. Marathon-Persians decided to land and destroy Athens (26 miles away), Greeks won, runner
                              sent to announce victory--dead
                    2. Thermopylea-King Darius spent 10 years preparing for attack-died, son Xerxes, all 300
                              Spartans defending mountain pass killed while killing 3000 Persians, Persians destroyed
                              Athens, followed Athenians to Salamis
                    3. Salamis-island of small narrow bays, large Persian ships attacked by fast small Athenian
                              Triremes under command of Pericles.  Greeks won, achieved hegemony(#1) Persia
                              declined, Athens to rebuild--Pericles choosen as leader, also lover of arts
III. Post War Years (489BC-429BC)
          A. decided that confederation of war would remain during peace (Delian League) Treasury in Athens
                    Pericles used money in treasury to rebuild Athens
          B. Sparta forms rival confederacy--Peloponnesian League, tried to get allies from each other's leagues
IV. Peloponnesian War (429BC-404BC)
          A. Causes
                    1. Long Range Causes-rivals of confederacies and allies
                    2. Short Range Causes-spartan colony Corcyra lured to Athen's side-war breaks
          B. Military Strategy
                    1. Athens-superior Navy-built long walls to surround Athens and go to Piraes(a port 5 miles away)
                    2. Sparta-superior army-would have to attack and Athen's would destroy commerce (plan)
                    3. because of walls, plague began-Pericles died-Athens becomes unsure of itself, citizens ? purp
                    4. Athens turns to Pericles' nephew Alcibiades(handsome, well educated, good speaker, lacked
                              military glory), sent to Syrcuse colony to fight but detractors demanded he be recalled
                              became traitor and did irreperable damage to Athenian cause
          C. Battles
                    1. Aegispotami(404BC), Athens lost and surrendered
          D. Peace treaty-long walls torn down,ruled by "Council of 30"-"30 Tyrants"-Spartan Sympathizers
V. Boetian League (370BC)
          A. Sparta and Athens fell to them
          B. Led by Apinamandas-adopted Philip of Macedon(loved Greek things,vowed to conqueror world
                    father of Alexander the Great(364BC-324BC)
VI. Arts of the Golden Age -- Values
          A. Parthenon(c.450BC)--on Acropolis(center of politics and religion), dedicated to Athena Parthenos
                    (Goddess of Wisdom), values--mind,classical balance, love of smallness, example of post &
                    intel--suitable for single story buildings only, nearly perfect building
          B. The Discus Thrower (Disc of Bolus)--values-love of sports,knowledge of anatomy,knowledge of
                    psychology
          C. Zeus-anthropomorphism, values--no shame in nudity(body beautiful), knowledge of anatomy
          D. Hermes goes to war--values-knowledge of anatomy,love of family,love of country(duty/noble)
          E. Dying Gaul-values--love of bravery and country
          F. Winged Victory of Samothrace(Nike)--values-personification,skill in sculpture
          G. Amphitheater of Epidarus--value-skill in acoustics
          H. Greek Plays--concerned struggle of a character against himself (fatal flaw), won-comedy, lost-
                    tradgedy, males played females, used masks, believed in hubris (pride, not arrogance), came
                    from self knowledge, self control, service to others
VII. Hellinism
          A. Alexander the Great (364BC-324BC)
                    1. by 18, Alexander in command of wing of father's army-began conquest of world at his death
                    2. created world capital in Egypt (Alexandria-created library which preserved Greek learning)
                    3. Everywhere he went, spread Greek values(Hellinism)--values spread to Rome
                    4. had no children, at death kingdom divided among three generals (Ptolemaic,Selucid,Antigonid)
 
 

Rome: Roman Republic (500BC-50BC):
I. Geography
          A. Central Italy-Latins-tribal organization (w/king)
          B. North- "Lake Dwellers"-created kitchen middens
          C. 1200BC-Etruscan(Greek?)-advanced(built roads, chariots,iron weapons), conquered other groups,
                              monarchy lasted until 509BC
II. Republican Government-Three Branches
          A. Legislative-bicameral= a.)senate-filled with Patricians-wealthy people, two tribunes-protected
                    intrests of Plebians-poor, could veto legislation which hurt poor, wealthy bribed tribunes
                    b.) several assemblies(like house of rep) 1.)centuriate-based on units of 100 in Roman Army,
                    25 years of service(army service noble) 2.)curate-based on old Latin tribes
          B. Executive Branch- a.) two consuls-powerful generals who checked on each others power
                    (seperation of power...checks/balances) served for 1 year, in times of trouble-extended (call
                    dictators-total power)
          C. Judicial Branch-errected stone tablets w/laws listed in forum, 9 praetors appointed by senate to
                    serve as judges (serve for life, had own small army to protect them-Praetorian Guard-best of
                    best) if judge left-could become a sensor--passed on qualifications for senators
III. Punic Wars
          A. Background
                    1. centuries before was Phonecia, has established trading colony in N.Africa across from Rome
                              (Carthage)--Punic is Latin word for Phonecian
                    2. Rome and Carthage are trade rivals
          B. Wars
                    1. 1st war (ended 219BC)-Phonecians invented a ship (qinuereme-5 rows of rowers), Romans
                              captured on, 3 mths later-built 100 copies, added portable bridge(corvus)  Roman soldiers
                              cross to Cartheginian ships-engage in hand to hand combat using short swords (Gladis)-
                              origin of Gladiator, war ended in draw (status quo anti belamie)
                    2. 2nd War-Carthaginian General, Hannibal, attacked Italy from North, 15 years on Intalian soil
                              Roman General Scipio Africanus attacked Carthage. Hannibal returned.  202BC-at Zama,
                              Scipio won. Rome gave Carthage an Ally treaty
                    3. 50 years pass (150BC). Rome bribed Numedians to attack Carthage. Cathage asks
                              permission to defend self or Rome to defend it. Rome says no. Carthage raised an
                              army-break treaty Rome attacks and defeats Carthage, burn city,salted soil, inhabitants
                              sold as slaves Carthage became desert (Cartheginian Peace-victory destroys vanquished)
IV. Rome uses treaties to expand in Mediterranean
          A. Citizenship Treaty-benefits-protection of army, freedom of religion as long as state wasnt
                    threatened use of Roman roads("all roads lead to Rome")-built like spokes of wheel, roman baths
          B. Ally Treaty-one could not make war, conclude peace w/o Rome's permission
          C. Garrison State Treaty-government sent from Rome,govenor-prevent rebellion, collect tax money,
                    crucifiction used at 1st sign of disobedieance
V. As Rome Expands, the Republic Changes (150BC-50BC)
          A. Generals became extremely wealthy-began to pay army themselves (army loyal to goven not
                    Rome)
          B. weealthy people (generals/senators)-created huge estates(Latifunda)-worked by slaves, once free
                    farmers cound not compete-became sharecroppers(tenant farmers) or moved to cities, slums
                    developed ("Bread and Circuses" developed)-The Dole-welfare
          C. Rome was almost constantly at war-period of dictatorship extended (Maurius, Sulla, Pompey)
          D. 120BC- Gaius & Tiberus Gracchus were tribunes who tried to warn senate about what was
                    happening--were murdered
          E. Tribunes became "rubber stamps"
          F. 60s BC - revolt of Gladiators (led by Sparticus), put down by Pompey
VI. First Triumvirate (c.50BC)
          A. Three powerful figures took control of the executive branch
                    1. Pompey-general
                    2. Crassus-killed fighting in Persia
                    3. Julius Caesar-senator, wealthy, great orator, epileptic, father-in-law of Pompey
          B. Caesar asked to be snt to Gaul to gain military fame, had spectacular success, became  known
          C. Pompey-jealous, got senate(bribery) to order Caesar sent home without army
          D. Caesar marched to river Rubicon (border of Gaul and Rome) saying "The die is cast"
          E. Pompey fled to Egypt, captured by men who hoped to gain favor with Caesar, beheaded-sent head
                    to Caesar "on a silver platter."  Caesar crucified beheaders.
          F. Caesar(57years) meets Cleopatra(15years), has an affair, Little Caesar born, because of wife at
                    home, Romans did not like, all three return to Rome
          G. c50BC Caesar declares himself "dictator for life"
          H. Caesar's Accomplishments
                    1. reformed calendar added July
                    2. cleared marshes--got rid of some diseases
                    3. built roads, housing for the poor
          I. March 15 44BC (Ides of March)-Caesar assassinated by Brutus and Cassius
                    1. said Caesar: "Et tu, Brute" (You, too, Brutus?)
                    2. replied Brutus: "It was not that I loved Caesar less, I loved Rome more"
                    3. Thousands arrested including Marc Anthony (powerful general/Caesar's friend)
                    4. Through skillful oratory, Anthony turned mob against conspirators
                    5. Brutus & Cassius fled-41BC lost battle of Phillipi, committed suicide
VII.  Second Triumvirate
          A. Members-
                    1. Octavian-nephew of Caesar and his heir
                    2. Lepidus-soon retired
                    3. Marc Anthony
          B. Octavian stayed in Rome, Anthony went to Alexandria, Anthony and Cleopatra have little Anthony
          C. Civil War begins-31BC naval battle at Actium--Anthony lost, he and Cleopatra commit suicide
          D. Octavian returned to Rome, changed name to Augustus (wise/sagacious), ruled Rome from
                    31BC-14AD (31BS beginning of empire--rule by one person for life with support of army)
                    1. reformed calendar, added August
                    2. great builder-Rome enters Golden Age ("I found Rome a city of bricks & left it marble")
                    3. great administrator-created very capable civil service, dies w/o heir, nephew Tiberius
                              succeeded
VIII. Roman Art- (great architects & engineers--largely because learned use of concrete and arches)
          A. aquaduct- carried water (usually enclosed in lead pipes) for 100s of miles into Rome, use of arch--
                    enabled them to support tremendous weight
          B. colosseum-mirrors use of arch, mirrors roman love of gory sports, mirrors gregariousness (big
                    group)
          C. Pantheon-circular structure w/Greek fascade, decorative collumns, added concept of domes,
                    means many Gods (had a lot)
          D. Augustus of Primporta-idealized figures, mirrors love of military heroes
          E. Triumphal Columns-inspiration for Washington monument, mirrors love of victory
          F. Triumphal Arch-Arch of Constantine
          G. Head of Constantine-8ft tall, eyes-watching
          H. Basilica-Church of St Apolinare in Classe Raveena, Italy-building originally a roman marketplace
                    adapted for use by early Christians, had long central aisle, end-concave structure (apse)-was
                    cashier (later central part for worship), campaniel-bell tower, builders adopted floor plan in middle
                    ages-added 2 wings near apse (transcepts)--made church look like cross
IX. Roman Emperors- some good, some bad
          A. Tiberius- 14-37AD, adopted heir of Augustus, paranoid scitzophrenic, thousands put to death, last
                    years-island of Capri w/ special friend Sejanus and extensive harem, murdered, succeeded by
          B. Caligula- 41-54AD, grad nephew of Tiberius, name meant little boots, victim of fried brain
                    (minigitis), became cruel and sadistic, "dinner music", murdered by own guards
          C. Claudius- 41-54AD, physically deformed, brilliant mind,  great compassion, great friend of the
                    underdog, loved good food/beautiul women, married niece Agripinna (mother of Nero), Claudius
                    had son Brittanicus by previous marriage, him and Brittanicus poisoned by Agripinna
          D. Nero- murdered Agripinna, fancied himself a great musician (played lyre, recieted poetry),
                    decided to burn down slums, much of Rome destroyed, Christians/Jews blamed, murdered
                    by his soldiers ("ah, what an artist dies in me")
X. Rise of Christianity
          A. Reasons'
                    1. Romans were fascinated by Eastern religions
                    2. similarities to existing religions
                    3. appeal to poor-preached peach, promised excluisive, promises life after death
                    4. martyrdom theme-Christians met death bravely-caused romans to believe something
                              special in the message
                    5. christian missionaries could use roman roads, protection (initially)
                    6. monotheism-appealed to more intellectual roman
                    7. christian church copied roman organization
                    8. once christianity became official language--advantageous so as to rise in government
XI. Decline-Emperors and Reasons
          A. Great gulfs developed btw rich and poor, decline in volunteers for the army, Romans forced to hire
                    mercenaries (barbarians-taught Roman fighting methods-most tax money to bribe barbarians
                    not to attack
          B. inflation set in-Roman money became worthless, barter economy developed
          C. Emperor Diocletian (c.200s) divided empire (2 capitals- Byantium,Rome), Byzantium-diff
                    culture developed (2nd type Christianity begins-orthodox--rival to Roman Catholicism) split
                    remained, Rome fell in 476 AD, Byantium in 1453
          D. Constantine (330AD)-became 1st Christian emperor, rebuilt Byzantium (Constantinople)-
                    established library (preserve Roman learning)
          E. Caracalla (late 300sAD)
                    1. decreed that people o latifundia would remain there, property of owner but not slaves
                    2. people had to be what their parents were, gradually feudal system developed
          F. Justinian (500s)-codified Roman laws, preserved them for future in library at Constantinople
 
 

Medieval World:
(Dark Ages 400AD-800), Middle Middle Ages (800-1200), High Middle Ages (1200-1453)
A. Dark Ages (Age of Faith)
          1. Barbarian and Moslim Invasions
                    a. Vandals-defeated Rome in North Africa 429AD, 455AD invaded Rome itself, senseless
                              acts of cruelty except toward Christian property
                    b. Huns-came from Asia, drove Romans out of what became Hungry and Yugoslavia, defeated
                              in Gaul 451AD
                    c. Angles/Saxons-came from Germany, went to Britain
                        Jutes-came from Denmark
                        Picts/Scots-came from Ireland/Scotlant--Romans withdrew
                    d. Vikings-came fro Scandinavia, plundered Englan, crossed to France, group settled in
                              Normandy, other group crossed thru central Europe to Russia (700s) called varangians
                              "capital" at Kiev, enslaved navtives (their word for slave was slav)
                    e. Moslims-began "conversion by the sword" crossd over north Africa into spain by early 700s
                    f. Franks-lived close to Romans, kept relatively high level of culture, had heredatory monarchy
                              (Merovingians-"Merovich") one was Clovis-adopted Christianity in 500s.  Merovingians had
                              heredatory assistants (Carl/Charles)-usurped power, established new line (Carolingians)
                              741-Charles Martel ("The Hammer") defeated Moslims at Battle of Tours, France.  Moslims
                              (Moors) retreated to Spain (stayed till 1492), determined Europe to be Christian
                              800-Charlemagne had a vision-would recreate Roman Empire(combined w/Chrisitanity),
                              document (Donation of Constantine) said when emperor Constantine (200s) was dying he
                              decreed that Pope should rule directly over whole center section of Italy (document forged)
                              Christmas Day 800- Pope speaking on God's authority came to capital Aachen, decreed as
                              God's will that Charlemagne be Holy Roman Emperor (europe's first nation)--confederation
                              of 350 feudal states (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Northern Italy, Czechoslovakia,
                              Spain, Belgium, Holland) by 1400s-Holy Roman Emperor always a Hapsburg, central part
                              of Italy became known as the Papel states. Holy Roman Emperors became "defenders of
                              the faith" Charlemagne created a "caolingean renaissance:" established excellent civil
                              service made up of church people (missi domini), established schools for bright kids of all
                              classes, created a library to preserve learning at Aachen
          2. Feudalism-system of reciprocating obligation based on land and sanctioned by the R.Cath.Church
                    a. Top-Church-sources of power
                              1. Petrine Doctrine-in Bible quote of Christ "Thou art Peter and on this rock I will build my
                                        church...and whatsoever you bind on earth will be bound in Heaven and whatsoever
                                        you lose on earth will be loosed in Heaven" Thus, people believed that the Pope could
                                        keep someone out of heaven.  Even powerful rulers could be excommunicated.
                                        church told people not to follow excommunicated ruler
                              2. monopoly on education-powerful lords & kings relied on church people to relay
                                        messages.
                              3. well organized-dispensed charity, had own courts
                              4. wealth
                    b. Lords-major & minor-two responsibilities
                              1. feudal- (feudom-estate)-had to protect whomever gave them their lands
                              2. manoral- lords had to provide buildings and tools, christianized serfs, provide justice-
                                        trial by fire/water/combat, provide hospitality-feed/entertain lords passing through
                                        territory
                    c. serfs-two kinds
                              1. Kotter-domestic servants
                              2. Villians/Churls-obliged to give portion of crops to lord, had to farm lords land also, repair
                                        roads/buildings etc. lived in huts with dirt floors&thatched roofs (frequently caught fire)
                                        bathing infrequent, slept with animals, no dental care, hard laborius toil, only break
                                        came from church
          3. Crusades (1095-1215)
                    a. background
                              1. moslims controlled holy land (1095)-Pope Urban II journied to clermont,france (nov 1
                                        1095) preached a holy war to drive out moslims "God wills it" promised crusaders
                                        remission of sins
                              2. Pope Urban II wanted to reunite eastern (Byzantine/Orthodox Catholic) and western
                                        (Roman Catholic) under his control. many knights were victims of primogenture
                                        dreamed of sinecures (feudal estate) in outremer ("land beyond the sea")
                              3. serfs dreamed of "getting out from under obligations"
                    b. 1st crusade-1095-failure
                              1. Knights' Crusade-led by Godfrey of Lorrane, 4000knights, 20000 infantry
                              2. Peasant Crusade-led by Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless, 40000 serfs
                              3. Great Massacre of Jews-Jews were money lenders, debtors didnt want to pay back their
                                        debts, blamed for Christ's death
                              4. both crusades met in holy land in july 1099, crusaders won, mass slaughter of moslims,
                                        sinecures were created, within 50 years moslims reasserted control
                    c. 2nd Crusade-1147-led by King Louis of France, went to Constantinople to get help but didnt
                              get any, some got near Holy Land-defeated by Saladin (brilliant Moslim general)
                    d. 3rd Crusade-1189-King's Crusade, England-Richard the Lionheart, HRE-Frederick Barbarosa,
                              France-Philip Augustus, Philip and Richard quarreled-French went home, Barbarossa
                              drowned-his knights went home disgruntled-didnt get any riches, Richard signed treaty w/
                              Saladin which allowed him to keep soldiers in places sacred to Christians,murdered
                              captives left for home through Austria, Richard captured, held for ransome but brother John
                              "Lackland" "softsword" wouldnt pay ransome-origin of Robin Hood Legends
                    e. 4th crusade-1199 sponsored by merchants in Venice, went to Constantinople for help-no,
                              pillaged Constantinople, went home, result-Constantinople weakened, ultimately fell to
                              Ottaman Turks in 1453
                    f. 5th crusade-St. Stephen of Cloy(France), 20000 German, 30000 French kids left for Spain,
                              most captured by moors, sold into slavery & prostitution, if the childre were pure in heart
                              and walked around the walls, the would fall, some got to holy land--killed (100 kids
                              returned)
                    g. 6th crusade-1227 led by HRE-Frederick II, got to Holy Land, had to rely on soldiers left in holy
                              land from previous crusades, little fighting, no gains, as a reward, crusaders were given land
                              in HRE called Brandenburg, HRE saw as bufferzone btw Germans & Slavs to the east who
                              Germans regarded as "untermenshcew" (subhuman), by 1400s-Brandenburg heredatory
                              monarchy (Hohenzollerns)-tax collectors, by 1700s became Prussia, eventually in 1870-
                              Germany
                    h. 7th crusade-1248-led by King Louis IX of France (kind, compassionate ruler), became St.
        &nb