Back to Notes
Back to Main
 

   Chapter 23: The Ordeal of Reconstruction (1865-1877)
   I. Reconstruction Era-everything from end of Civil War (1865) to 1877
      A. Three-Fold Problem
          1. Political-reconstruct gov't
          2. Economic-infastructure, need money, N/S relationships
          3. Social-free blacks, what rights? integration
      B. Factors Determining Reconstruction
          1. Psycological-"climate"
          2. Constitutional-"seperation of power"
              a. president in power during war-wants reconstruction his way
              b. congress wants control of program
              c. question of secession and goal
          3. Political
              a. Republican (north) vs. Democratic (south)
              b. better to drag out for Republican (keep control)
          4. Economic-who pays
              a. cost of rebuilding
          5. Social-freedom & rights for blacks
              a. humanitarian cause
      C. Executive Reconstruction
          1. Lincoln Plan- 10% plan-1864
              pragmatism-believed in 2 tenants(flexible)-Lincoln
                  truth is not absolute, utilityavism-what works,what is useful
              dogmatism-(inflexible)-Congress
                  fit set of beliefs, change is hard
              a. future oath of loyalty
              b. reqiure 10% of electorate in rebelious states to take oath
              c. prevent high military&civilian from holding office
              nothing about blacks present, too leniant, no rules for congress at all
          2. Congress responds--Wade-Davis Bill (loss of Lincoln--loss of flexibility)
          3. Andrew Johnson-from Tennesse(seceeded state)
              a. southern, democratic, slave owner, dogmatic
              b. plan-1.granted pardon to all confederates
                  2. high military & civilians w/>$20000 could not vote/hold office
                  3. revoke seccession/pass ordinances
                  4. ratify 13th amendment
                  5. majority take oath
                  6. no rule for congress
          4. if can't compromise...then election
              a. 1866 Congressional Elections--Republican wins enough to override veto
      D. Early Congressional Steps
          1. Civil Rights Act of 1866 (1867 amendment)
              a. forbade dicrimination against people of color
              b. guarenteed equal protection under the law
          2. Extended Freedmen's Bureau for another year
          3. appointed Congressional Reconstruction Commitee (15people)
          4. passed 14th amendment
          5. Reconstruction Act 1867
              a. declared southern states unlawful (conquered territory)
              b. created 5 military districts
              c. generals in charge of each district
              d. conventions held to draft new state constitutions
              e. guarentee blacks citizenship & voting
              f. ratify 13th, 14th, 15th amendment
      E. Congressional Concerns
          1. supreme court-may invalidate; congress denies their authority over reconstruction
          2. change number of judges on supreme court from 9 to 7
          3. Army Appropriations Act-president issue orders only through one general
          4. Tenure of Office Act-need senate approval to get rid of anyone appointed
              a. Johnson needed to create test case-gets impeached
              b. misses conviction by one vote(Edmund G. Ross)
      F. Rejection or Adoption of state constitutions divided along political lines
      H. Southern whites-democrats regardless of pre-war party, want home rule
         Negro/Carpetbag-opposed to s.dem, supported by republican
          1. terrorize-KKK, white camelion, intimidate blacks note to vote
      I.   Northern Republican Party            |       Southern Democratic Party
               need black votes                   |            discourage vote
              promises, encourages vote          |             murder, threats
      J. Jim Crowism-segregation along racial lines (1872-1964)
          1. Jim Crow-symbolic, systematic way of taking away rights (amend)
          2. disenfranchised (literary test, grandfather clause, democratic "club", poll tax)
          3. segregation of American life (ex. theater, bus, military, fountains...)
          4. 1896 Homer Plessey (Plessey vs. Fergusen)--seperate but equal
      L. Corruption in Govt
          1. Grantism-synonymous w/ political corruption
              a. Credit Moblier Affair(one of many)--money
          2. after major war-no one paying attention to govt, sick of govt affairs
      M. Legacy of Reconstuction
          1. Positive Results--job was done(reunited nation), passed war amendments, public
                  education in south, reestablished checks and balances, modern state
                  constitutions, land reform(taxed out of plantations)
          2. Negative Results--"solid south" 1868-1964(one party-democrat), extra legal
                  justice(lynching)-double standard, poor leadership(disenfranchized high
                  military & civilian leaders), silent economic-need black farm owners(share
                  crop instead)--Homestead Act of 1868(everyone given land in west), social
                  norms never changed(misenegation laws-black&whites can't marry)
 

   Chapter 24:Politics in the Gilded Age
   I. Politics-use of influence to get what
      1. political tactics-boycott(economically hurt),march,sit-in,vigil,skeleton-in-closet
              (something bad about other person), demonstration(discipline), riot(violence),
              rally, canvasing for votes(phone), patronage(friend-job), bribe
      2. political strategy-overall game plan
          1. pressure-alter existing policy, program, etc....boycott, skeleton, letter to editor
          2. electoral-stand for office/diff person in office...canvas for votes, rally
          3. revolutionary-change system....riot, terror
      3. 1st tactic w/least cost&most potential...doesn't work->next tacic more expensive
      4. Skeffington tactic-use of influence to achieve goal in 19th century and early 20th
              century American Industrial City.
      5. Graft-aquiring of good or money by underhanded or parasitic means
          1. William Marx Tweed(Boss Tweed)-Tweed Gang stole $2,000,000
          2. party organization-bottom was ward-leader(district captin,ward healer)
              1. did favors for people, got votes
          3. George Washington Plunkitt-"honest graft"-crook in gov't
      6. Characteristics of Old Politics
          1. covert-hidden, illegal,, based on graft, corruption, patronage
          2. individual-not group
          3. not issue related-no emphasis on issues
      7. Characteristics of New Politics-20th century
          1. open, public
          2. issue oriented
          3. personal commitement
          4. politics of drama
      8. Trade Policies of US
          1. continum between trade barriors and free trade (now in middle)
          2. global economy-world companies
          3. 1789-1816: Revenue Tarrif (purpose was money) small tax on imports
          4. 1816-1933: Protectionist- heavy taxes to keep foreign good out
      9. Arguments for protection:
          1. self sufficiency/independence:over time, not all countries can do this
          2. protect infant industries-need to protect from stronger competition
          3. protect high standard of living-keep high payig jobs in US
      10. Arguments for Free Trade:
          1. promote interdependence-all countries work together (safety)
      11.laissy faire-government governs, doesn't pay attention to individual, no regulation on
                      business, danger of anarchy, from beginning until 1933 (Great Depresion)
          welfare state-after 1933 because only govt could take care of problem
                      promote "general welfare" of people, could become slaves
          regulator state-government regulates everything
          guarantor state-govt guarantees things (minimum wage, etc)
      12."To the Victor belong the Spoils"-jobs based on merit
          President Garfield assassinated
          1884-Pendleton Act:Established Civil Service System-jobs based on merit
              1.president classifies job
              2. C.S. commision administers competition
          1880-1896 presidency rotated parties every four years-Vanquished extended C.S.
      13. Money Unit
          origin of money-barter system
          value of money-what you can get in return, willingness to except determines value
          purpose of money-medium of exchange,store of value,credit,measure value
          currency-money that is current(Debt cards,Federal Reserve Note,Check, coin)
          Gold&Silver certificates both circulated 1865-1900 (1873 silver demonitized)
              gold rarer-->worth more, need to establish ratio between silver and gold
              bimetal monetary system->opperate on monometalic system--Crime of '73
          inflation:the continuing use in the average price of goods and services, the
              purchasing power of the $ declines, caused by more demand than supply
              (demand/pull), or cost push (supply shock)-reduce supply-->increase cost
              total prices increase then dollar value decreases
              one item price increase then substitute item
              hyperinflation:(1000%/wk)currency worth nothing, go back to barter
          1870s:Greenback Labor Party-issue more $ greenback
          1890s:Populus (people's)Party: Free&Unlimited coinage of silver
          both want inflation....1870-1890=deflation(dollar appreciation)
 

   Chapter Immigration:
   A. Source Of Immigration-where they came from
      1.Western & Northern Europe (WASP) 1600-1890- Old Immigrant
          a. contibuted culture, language, tradition, law, literature, industry
      2. Eastern & Southern Europe 1890-Pre WW II- New Immigrant
          a. Catholic, Jewish, agrarian, illiterate
      3. Latino, Indian, Asian, African Post WW II- Modern Immigrant
   B. Reasons for Immigration
      1. conditions-standard of living, economics, better land
      2. upward mobility in socioeconomic standings
      3. religious persecution
      4. ethnic-one group doesnt like other group
      5. political oppression-self determination (voice in govt)
   C. Open Immigration (prior to 1880)-anybody who wants can come
      1. indentured servants-labor shortage (1600-1700s), contract labor-1 yr (1800s)
      2. American Letter-view of America sent to England as recruitment letter
   D. Closed (1880->)-got restricted
      1. source change->policy change(different people are threat to establishment)
      2. 1st group excluded by law-Chinese Exclusion Act 1880 for 10 years
          1890- made it permenant Yellow Peril-too many chinese (coolie labor-take job)
          Gentlemen's Agreement-Japan reduce flow, American keeps CA schools nonsegregated
      3. European Restriction Act 1883-established Elis Island
      4. literacy tests-1890s-1st vetoed by Cleveland, designed to descriminate
      5. National Origin Quota Law (1921-1954)
          # of aliens admitted to US in any year shall not exceed 3% of the persons of such
              nationality who were resident in the US according to the census of 1880
          1924-cenus year 1890--2%    1927-census year 1890--1.8%
          1952-census year 1920--1.2%  1954-got rid of it
   E. Reasons for keeping out Eastern & Souther Europeans (inferior people)
      1. Racial Superiority--Anglo-Saxon was a superior race
      2. American Standard of living will drop
   F. Reasons behind Immigration Discrimination
      1. visibility-Ghetto Existence (tends to be poor)
              before-dispersed westward (agricultural)
              after-came to urban areas (lived together)
      2. Fredrick Jackson Turner-1893 Turner Thesis-Closing of Frontier-limited land&people
      3. Anarchism-advocates violent overthrow of all government(Radicals)
      4. education/skills (farmers in an industrial society)
 

   Chapter Industrial Revolution (1865-1900)
   A. Ingrediants for Industrial Growth
      1. corporate form of business-finanse huge enterprises
          a. sole proprietorship-single owner, all profit, all liability,terminated by death
          b. partnership-2 or more owners-extends limits of business,terminated by death
                          profit based on degree of partnership
          c. corporation-has no effect by death,liable-degree of ownership,unlimited capital
      2. government aid to business
          a. protective tariff
          b. subsidies-qualitiy of life,more tax money,incentives
          c. favorable tax policies
          d. minimum regulation-laissey faire
      3. new and improved methods of production
          a. division of labor
          b. standarized parts
          c. automation-control of machines by other machines
      4. new source of power
          a. 17th & early 18th -- wood,water
          b. 1890-1940 -- coal
          c. 1940- steam,boiling water
          d. post 1940-solar,nuclear,electric
      5. growing population/improved transportation, provided ready & responding market
      6. technology-incentiveness
          a. future shock-measure economic impact, number of patents
          b. Eli Whitney-interchangeable parts, cotton gin (pre 1865)
          c. Edison-1st research lab (post 1865)
      7. population-labor & market
      8. money-investment capital
      9. natural resources(Mesabi-iron ore, coal)
   B. Trends toward Business Consolidation in Post-Civil War Monopoly
      1. purpose-eliminate wasteful competition,cut costs
      2. method of combination
          a. 1870s-pools-Gentlemen's Agreement to share markets, fix prices
          b. trusts-companies forced to turn over their business to a single board of trust
              ex. Standard Oil
              -Holding Co. (1920-1930)-buy & holdd pattents of a company(illegal)
              -monopoly-interlocking directorate/inteerconnecting boards(illegal)
              -conglomerates-mixture(Johnson&Johnnson bought by Eureka Tent,Prudential & GE
   C. Industrial leaders-Captains of Industry
      1. entripreneurs-able,energetic,ruthless
          a. existed in society of high competition
              1. self-reliance
              2. upward mobility
              3. survival of the fittest
          b. commonly accepted in business
   D. Survival of the fittest
      1. Charles Darwin-"Origin of the Species"-1853
          a. natural selection
          b. humans come from lower animals
      2. Herbert Spencer
          a. spencerian darwinism
          b. applied natural selection to humans
      3. Andrew Carnegie-"Gospel of Wealth"
          a. extends to responsibilities & duties of rich
          b. heratio alger-myth, take opportunities-->due well
      4. philosophy of late 19th and early 20th century
          a. competition is sacred-weeding out of unfit, no regulation of industry
          b. private property us a business man's own, do what one wants, no regulation
          c. total laissey faire-no government regulation at all
          d. individualism-nation of rugged individualists, morality equated w/money
   E. Business Practices of Late 19th century
      1. adulteration of product-could have given better product at cheaper price
                                    do not have to give better product at cheaper price
      2. short weight- weigh less than on label
      3. secret rebate-giving only a few people rebate (not public)
      4. bribery of public officials-state legislators picked senators
      5. long & short haul-short costs more than long in shipping
      6. charging all the traffic would bear-charge what they thought you would pay
      7. wage discrimination-male,female,child
      8. unsafe conditions
   F. Attack on Social Darwinism & Laissey Faire System
      1. Patrons of Husbandry(Oliver H. Kelly-1865)
          a. animal husbandry->cooperative marketing
          b. Granger (Movement)-demand changes (railroad)
          c. vote: democrat, republican, farm slate of cantidates
          d. passed law: maximum rate of shipping (transporting), Granger cases
              ***Munn vs. Illinois: private property comes in contact w/public..not private
          e. bypass & challange industry & laissey faire
   G. 19th Century Industrial Leaders
      1. Robert Barrons-based on abuse of enormous power
          a. drove competetors out of business
          b. resorted to underhanded, immoral, illegal protections
          c. motivated by greed
          d. did not care about human ecological cost
   H. Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
      1. 1st regulation of business to break, change laissey faire policy
      2. set-up ICC to investigate complaints
      3. RR required to post their rates to public and keep resonable and just
      4. forbade protections such as pooling,secret rebates,rate discrimination,among shippers
      5. prohibit higher charges for short haul than long haul over same line
   I. Other Attacks
      1. authors-wrote horrors-"Muckrakers"-expose
          a.Jacob Rus,John Spargo,Jane Addams,Mark Twain,Henry George
      2. Labor Movement
      3. 18902-1900 Reformed Darwinist (Social Gospel)
          a. Richard J. Ely, Washington Gladden
          b. fair competition
          c. man different than animal(can change environment)
          d. individualism w/restraint
          e. religion in league w/plunderers
          f. look at how money was made & uhow it was used
      4. Sherman Anti-Trust Act-1890--Congress passed as response to public
          a. every contract, combination, conspiracy in restraint of trade among the states of
             foreign countries illegal
          b. any person monopolizing trade was guilty of a misdemenor & fined $5000
          c. courts would not enforce
              a. EC Knight vs. US 1895-95%-manufacturing was a local activity
              b. unions on srtike were in restraint of trade
      5. Clayton Anti-Trust Act--1914 (tighten Sherman Act)
          a. took labor unions out of Sherman Act (made them legal)
      6. Taft-Hartly-1948
 

   Labor Unit:
   A. Labor Union-organization of working men & women to improve the conditions of work
   B. Development of National Unions-came into being because of conditions of industrial life
      a. size-large,employ large numbers of people, don't have personal relations-mistreat
      b. mechanization-loss of pride & workmanship, anybody can do job, dont need skilled
      c. conditions-child labor, black lung, gray lung, low salaries, longs days, speed up
 
                        Craft Union/ Trade Union
                                                                                         Industrial Union:
   skilled workers only
                                                                 organizes everybody connected w/job
   organized by skill
                                                                 doesnt go by skill
   originated from Mideval Gilds
                                                                 skilled & unskilled workers

   C. Early Attempt At Unionism
      1. National Labor Union-1st attempt for national-1868-skilled workers & reformed group
                                  advocated 8 hr day, reform legislation
      2. Knights of Labor-industrial union, all workers(races,creeds,women), advocated equal
                                  pay for equal work, 8 hr day, profit sharing, gov't ownership
                                  of transportation,communication, Uriah Stephens-created in
                                  1877, Terence Powderly, failed-not focused, "socialist"
      3. American Federation of Labor-1884-Amuel Compers founded, organized craft only,
                                  no women, black,ect..survived into 20th century, 3 concepts
          a.Bread & Butter Unionism-narrow focus,immediate benefits only (everyday working)
          b.Federation Principle-seperate govering (federal->local), unions negociate
          c.volunterism-labor issues worked out between labor & managemnt representatives
                      **model for successful unions of 20th century**
   D. Weapons of Management
      1. financial strength
      2. lockout-company strike, must work at employers terms
      3. blacklist-given to all employers & not given job
      4. labor spies-join union & find out people in union-fire
      5. company unions
      6. injunctions-company go to court-order to stop strike
      7. yellow dog contract-vow not to sign union
      8. strike breakers-hire outsiders to work "scabs"
   E. Weapons of Labor
      1. strike
      2. picketting-informative & striking
      3. boycott-primary
      4. strike funds
      5. closed shop-only hire union people, open shop-have choice of joining union
          union shop-(industrial)company hires for time then asks to join union or fire
   F. Methods of Bargaining
      1. collective bargaining(representative bargaining)-contract negociated between reps of
          bargaining & labor(picked by majority vote), trade issues based on two proposals
      2. mediation-agree on mediator, neutral 3rd party, makes suggestions acceptable to both
      3. arbitration-neutral 3rd party, both sides give best offer(reason), contract(awards)
 

   Populist Party(People's Party)-1890(3rd party)
   Omaha Platform-1892
      +Grangers, small town businessmen,lawyers,midwest farmers
   James B. Weaver-only cantidate(1892)-lost
   needed more support to get elected-->brought in labor issues
   sucessful because most issues became law or amendments within 20 years(16th&17th amend)
   Democracy for the masses--legislation
      +petition of inititive-% of represented people sign
      +referendum-questions on ballot in election to help elected leaders make bills
      +recall-% of people to make person leave office
      +discret primary-people in party pick party's cantidate to run for offices
      +secret ballot-vote choice w/o intimidation
   advocated free and unlimited coinage of silver 16:1 of gold-only benificial to one group (farm)
   Panic of 1893-Government's(Cleveland's) handling of panic led to revival of Sivler vs. Gold Argument
   **Election of 1896**-"Battle of the Standard"-silver vs. gold-votes crossed party lines based on issue
      Republican-nominated William McKinley 1.)gold standard    2.)high tariffs    3.)imperialists
      Democratic-nominated William Jennings Bryan 1.)silver standard 2.)low tariffs 3.)non-imperialist
      Populist-either split vote between Dem & Populist or kill of party....endorse Bryan-lose
               3rd party purpose is to promote issue
      McKinley wins---establish gold standard
   Farmers-debt, avaliablity of money, low interest rates, inflation benificial, blaim on gold and banks,
      agricultrual ecomomy moves to industrial controlled by industrialists w/monopolies-->farmers
   must
      pay higher prices for goods because of protective high tariffs.....makes populist party reform/liberal
      but also reactionary-go back to before 1.)return intrests of farm to forefront 2.)back to ealier
      Jeffersonian times when banks not trusted   3.)trusts-bad...want more competition
      4.)public senator...like before industry
   Populist issues prevail because issues are addressed by major parties(survival & people's benifit)
   Farm Political Development:
   Grangers 1870s->Farm Alliances(Jim Crowisms) 1880s->Populist Party 1890s

   "The Significance of the American Frontier-Friederick Jackson Turner--Turner Thesis(1893)
   --The existence of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American
      settlement westward explains American development
      1.) American development has exhibited a return to primitive condition on a continually
          advancing frontier line & new development for that area
      2.) American political insititutions had to adapt to the change of expanding people
      3.) Frontier was line of most rapid and effective americanization
   frontier=farthest extent of settlement
      Cattle Frontier-technology, needed to get rid of buffulo and indians
                       1.)Gilden-barbwire, Colt-repeating revolver
                       2.)refrigeration-Westing House-to ship buffulo to east
                       3.)Native relations-17th->peaceful exploitation
                                            18th->indian removal
                                         mid19th->elimination
                                         late19th->reservations
                                             1890->assimilation--Daw's Act,men leave tribe
                                             1925->act of congress->American citizenship
                        4.)got rid of 20 million buffulo between 1860-1890
                        5.)getting rid of buffulo keeps Indians in control
   frontier lines-appalachian mts, miss river, rocky mts, west coast
   response-people's experience not land determines democracy, now w/frontier gone still demo now
   value-gets people to look at west
 

   I. World Power-a nation with sufficient power to influence world political/economic events
                  over a period of time
      1. military-ability to project all over the world
      2. economy-stable, wealth to afford military
      3. constitutional government-nationalism
      4. location-centralized
      5. population-large population that is literate, educated, and skilled
      6. natural resources-
   When did American become a world power?-always had but willingess to use
      involvement vs. world role
   "1789 America aboslutely weak but relatively strong
   2000 America absolutely strong but relatively weak"
   "Americans have never learned to do wrong knowingly, whenever they compromise with principle
   or abandon it, they inevitable find a pious justification for their actions"
   Imperialism-acquisition of territory beyond national boundry--called it Manifest Destiny
      methods-war, treaty of annexation, treaty of purchase
   Geographical determination-all land aquired attatched to previous land (until Alaska)
   Economic Imperialism (Dollar Diplomacy, Substitute $ for guns)-invest money in foreign
      -many countries have one item (mining or agricultural product)
      -America invest heavily->control economy->control government
      -other nations fear replacement of culture
   Causes of American Imperialism During Late 1890s
      1. World Issues/Reasons
          a. European examples-Congress of Berlin(carving up Africa),Spheres of Influ(China)
              message-to be a world power you need an empire
          b. markets-
      2. Domestic Scene-
          a. Turner
          b. markets & trade (am. trade 1870-1890)
          c. advocates of imperialism
              a.) Alfred Thayer Mahan-"Influence of Sea Power on History"
              b.) Josiah Strong- "Our Country"
              c.) Henry Cabot Louge
   II. Spanish American War-
   A. Background-
      1. Cuba restless under Spanish control-want economic freedom/self-govt
          a. revolted during 1870s-Spanish crushed
          b. America sympathetic but govt not involved
          c. revolted during 1890s-American intresests changed
      2. American interest in Cuba
          a. strategic interest-needed to protect canal possibility
          b. economic interest-American invested $50-$100 million
          c. Humanitatian interest-General "Buthcher" Weyler-"camps"-many people died
   B. Causes of War-
      1. Newspaper War
          a. Joseph Pulitzer-New York World
          b. William Randolph Hearst-New York Journal (imperialist, wanted war)
              --yellow press-sin,sex,sensationalism
              --jingo press-want war
   C. Immediate Causes of War
      1. De Lome Letter-spanish minster to Washington DC
                           Private Correspondence published by Hearst
                           derogatory comments on McKinley
      2. Sinking of Battleship Maine--Feb 1898 (260 Americans dies-public furious)
     McKinley ultimatum to Spain-armistices-cease fire,end of camps,Am.mediation on terms
     Spain accepts ultimatum--America declares war on Spain--April 1898
   D. "Splendid Little War"
      1. April --> August 1898 -- 289 Am. dead..13 for every 1 died from disease
      2. navy much better prepared than army
      3. Treaty of Paris 1898
          a. annexation of Guam,Wake,Puerto Rico, Phillapean Islands
          b. Cuba independent
          c. contest over ratification between imperialist & nonimperialist
              --Bryants's arguments-monroe doctrine iin asia,money,violate Dec of Ind
      4. Platt Amendment-1 yr after independence, Cuban American Base-Guantanamo
      5. Insular Cases of Supreme Court-people under falg have inaliable rights, not rest
   III. Panama Canal-Both a cause of and a result of more active Latin Am. policy by US
   A. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty-1850
      1. between US & England
      2. any canal in S.America to be jointly built
      3. good in 1850, by late 19th cent..America wants to build own
   B. First efforts at canal construction
      1. French Panama Canal Co.(1870s-1880s)
      2. under Ferdinand de Lessips (Suez Canal)
      3. went bankrupt....lost $26million
   C. Hay-Panncifote Treaty-1901
      1. severed Clayton-Bulwer
      2. Britain gave up right to canal in return for guarenteed equal access
   D. Selection of Route-two possible sites
      1. across Isthmus of Panama and Across Nicaragua
      2. Walker COmmision wanted Panama but recommended Nicaragua
   E. Canal Diplomacy
      1. Hay-Herran Treaty-1903
          a. US got 99 year lease on canal zone 10 miles wide
          b. US to pay $10million outright and annual rental of $250,000
          c. Columbian govt rejected treaty-Compensation inadequate, loss of power
      2. Leaders in Panama feared Am would switch to Nicaragua
          a. hurt, would get jobs, development, higher standard of living
      3. French would lose miney if they didnt sell by 1904(end of lease)
      4. Panamanian independence--not high chance (previous 44 attempts failed)
          a. succeeded Nov. 3, 1903, US Marines prevent Columbia from ending revolution
          b. recognize Panama Nov 6, 1903
          c. negociate same treaty Nov 18, 1903
   F. Construction began 1904 ended beginning of WWI
      1. after Teddy Rosevelt died-Columbia received $25million
      2. US-absolute right to defend, 1st access in emergency
   IV. Central American Policy
   A. America would follow much more aggressive policy in hemisphere following War & canal
   B. Use of Monroe Doctrine
      1. keep Europeans out of hemisphere
      2. politically & economically penetrate hemisphere
   C. Venezuelan Debt Dispute
      1. owed European countries(Endland, Italy, Germany)
      2. creditors money--defaulted on loan
      3. European creditors sent naval squadron to blockade port until debt paid
   D. American Response
      1. Roosevelt Corollory to the Monroe Doctrine (Big Stick Policy)
          a. in case of chronic wrong doing the US would exercise international police power
              in hemisphere
          b. prevents European presence in hemisphere (Europe happy, L.America cant change it)
          c. gives US more power in hemisphere(changes doctrine), direct intervention
   V. United States-Asian Policy
      1. 1900- John Hay Open Door Policy
      2. Background-1890 Sino-Japanese War
      3. 1890-1900 Spheres of Infulence (partitioned China)-treaty of extraterritoriality
          a. Philipines-Gateway to China-US needed to get rid of spheres to trade
      4. Hay wrote letters to all sphere countries-equal trade access
          a. all agreed--US didnt got for CHina, went for trade
      5. Boxer Rebellion-yound Chinese to get rid of foreign control
          a. international army w/American troops to put down rebellion
          b. want to be part of peace treaty-want trade, argue against partition
 

   I. Progressive Era 1900-1917
          1. period of idealism and reform
          2. significant economic growth
      A. Background
          1. carry-over from the reform spirit of the 1890s
          2.